Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam - a large collection. The problem of the meaning of life - arguments for the exam How to choose the right direction in life arguments

Situations of moral choice show the true qualities of a person
A brave, strong-willed person in a difficult life situation would rather choose death than a shameful life
Moral choices are often so difficult that they can lead to dire consequences.
Only a coward can go over to the side of someone whom he considered an enemy for a better life.
Situations of moral choice are not always associated with a threat to human life
By the behavior of a person in situations of moral choice, we can judge his inner qualities
A real person, devoted to his moral principles, will not be stopped by any life circumstances

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". More than once, Pyotr Grinev found himself in difficult life situations when it was necessary to make a choice, on which his future life depended. When the Belogorsk fortress was captured, the hero had two ways: to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev or to be executed. Despite his fear, Pyotr Grinev refused to swear allegiance to the impostor, not daring to betray his native country. This is not the only situation of moral choice in which the hero made the right decision and proved that he is a man of honor. Already under investigation, he did not mention that he was associated with Pugachev because of Masha Mironova, because he did not want trouble for his beloved. If Pyotr Grinev had told about her, the girl would probably have been involved in the investigation. He did not want this, although such information could justify him. Situations of moral choice showed the true inner qualities of Pyotr Grinev: the reader understands that he is a man of honor, devoted to the Motherland and true to his word.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The fate of Tatyana Larina is tragic. In love with Eugene Onegin, she did not see anyone as her fiancé. Tatiana has to marry Prince N., a good man whom she, however, does not love. Eugene rejected her, not taking seriously the girl's declaration of love. Later, Onegin sees her at one of the secular evenings. Tatyana Larina changes: she becomes a stately princess. Eugene Onegin writes letters to her, confesses his love, hoping that she will leave her husband. For Tatiana, this is a situation of moral choice. She is doing the right thing: keeping her honor and loyalty to her husband. Although Tatiana is still in love with Onegin, she asks to leave her alone

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man". The tests that people went through in wartime showed the willpower and character of everyone. Andrei Sokolov showed himself to be a man faithful to the military duty of a soldier. Once captured, he was not afraid to express his thoughts about the backbreaking work, to which the prisoners were forced. When, due to someone's denunciation, he was summoned to Mueller, the hero refused to drink to the victory of German weapons. He was ready to endure hunger, give up the desire to drink before dying, but retain his honor and show the true qualities of a Russian soldier. The moral choice of Andrei Sokolov allows him to be considered a real person with great strength, who loves his country.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The situation of moral choice, in which Natasha Rostova found herself, is not connected with the threat to her life. When everyone was leaving Moscow besieged by the French, the Rostov family took their things away. The heroine was faced with a choice: to take away things or give carts for transporting the wounded. Natasha Rostova chose not things, but helping people. The situation of moral choice showed that material well-being is not so important for the heroine as helping those who are in trouble. We can say that Natasha Rostova is a person with high moral values.

M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". Everyone makes a moral choice based on their life principles, goals, attitudes and desires. The most dear person in life for Margarita was her Master. To see her beloved, she no doubt agreed to a deal with the devil. In a situation of moral choice, she preferred what was most dear to her, despite all the horror of the way to achieve her goal. Margarita was ready for anything, even for such a dishonorable act, because the meeting with the Master was vital for her.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". Sometimes only the possibility of choosing one's own path in life opens up genuine human qualities. Andriy, the youngest son of Taras Bulba, who went over to the side of the enemy because of his love for the Pole, showed his true character traits in a situation of moral choice. He betrayed his father, brother and his homeland, showing vulnerability to the power of love. A real warrior would not reckon with any enemy, but Andrii turned out to be not like that. Circumstances broke him, showed the inability of the young man to be faithful to his military duty, devoted to his native land.

V. Sanin "Seventy degrees below zero." Sinitsyn did not prepare winter fuel for Gavrilov, which endangered Gavrilov's life in severe frosts. Sinitsyn had a choice: at first he wanted to do everything to ensure the safety of the expedition, but then he was afraid of adverse consequences for his mistake and left everything as it is. The situation of moral choice showed that Sinitsyn is a cowardly person, for whom the desire to remain without punishment is more important than the life of another person, depending on him.

Dear friend!

You have already accumulated the necessary knowledge and skills in how you can change the circumstances of your life, you have learned to SELFLY AND RESPONSIBLY PERFORM WHAT IS DUE. You are faced with the next task of growing up - prepare for a conscious and responsible choice of life and professional path.

In any case, making a decision is associated with the choice of an alternative. It is important that this choice is made consciously and independently. An informed decision is distinguished by:

1) the presence of a clear goal (a person makes a decision based on his own needs);

2) understanding the consequences of the decision (the choice, as a rule, affects not only a person's own life, but also affects those close to him);

3) feasibility (the person who made the decision must have enough knowledge, strength, will and patience to implement it);

4) independence (a person makes a decision himself, due to his intellect and experience).

Decision making and implementation is a complex process that consists of several stages: the stage of recognizing the need for a decision, the stage of finding information that allows you to make a decision, the stage of decision making and the stage of implementing the decision. Completing your studies at the level of basic general education, you must recognize the need for the problem of choosing a life path, formulate it for yourself, determine the criteria for your possible solutions, develop, evaluate and choose alternatives of behavior. Self-knowledge Diary will help you in this difficult task.

Do not postpone the decision "until later." It will not come to you by itself. Get to know yourself and the world around you, expand the horizons of your knowledge. To do this, constantly think about yourself and your inclinations, abilities, psycho-physical capabilities, about the knowledge you gain, attend elective courses, read popular science literature, do design and research work, talk with adults. Summing up the results of your work in a quarter, you will see progress along the path of choice, you will be able to make your actions purposeful and effective. We wish you success!

The problem of choosing a life and professional path

When making a specific choice, a person always wants to understand the world around him as quickly and as deeply as possible. The interest that drives him at the same time is explained not only by the desire to understand this world, but also to grasp its essence, to identify its driving forces in order to adapt to its requirements and laws of development, in order to actively integrate into such a world in the most prepared form for this. ...

The world, of course, is multifaceted, just as life itself is multifaceted with all its joys and sorrows, successes and disappointments. Life and the boundaries of the world are not limited only to work - there is a family and family life, pleasures and pleasures, love and hobbies - but work occupies a very significant place in a person's life. Many people dream of a worthy career, and not only because a person's higher position presupposes a more comfortable or richer existence. Career is also important because of professional and life interest.

It is difficult to realize, but it really is: climbing the career ladder does not begin when you start work. Likewise, life itself in its real form will not begin tomorrow or in 5 years - it has already begun, it began yesterday ... All actions, deeds, habits of a person stretch like a train throughout his life ... And building your career also begins today - from as you prepare yourself for real practical activity, this is how your professional life will follow ...

Of course, there is also Lady Luck, but luck also bypasses those who are not ready to meet her. A person is not endowed with the ability to perform any specific work from birth; this skill must be learned. Even in order to work as a simple janitor, you need be able to own a broom or shovel. But nature has given every person the opportunity to develop and improve the abilities and talents laid down at birth. In this case, a person is required to "turn on" certain volitional qualities. The development and improvement of abilities is carried out only under the influence of the knowledge accumulated by mankind over a long history. When a person does not have true knowledge, then he not only does not understand the world around him and the events taking place, but even the most insignificant trifle turns into a problem for him. If you do not have the necessary knowledge, if you do not know the techniques, methods or forms of communication used in some activity, then it becomes difficult for you to enter the professional community. The intrinsic value of education, no matter what they say, has not gone anywhere and will not go away.

We can look at the world around us from different points of view. From different points of view, this single world can be explained in different ways. The most objective picture of the world around us emerges when using the economic approach with the obligatory use of philosophical reasoning. From this point of view, the world is, first of all, a special mechanism that forces a person (through the procedure of independent decision-making) to find some specific and satisfying (at least at the current moment) form of combining two objectively inherent natural aspirations:

Organize the course of his life in full accordance (or as close as possible to this) with his individual, personal interest, attraction, craving for a particular occupation, and the occupation is presented as filling the time with some meaningful actions,

To have a constant source of income that would allow to satisfy as fully as possible the needs inherent in him - as a biological being and as a social being - that can change or be replenished throughout life.

Of course, from this point of view, the ideal situation is when an occupation, a business that is really interesting for a person, allows one to regard this occupation as a source of the desired income in its sufficient form. And although such a coincidence is not always possible, people still strive for such a search. Those who do not find such a form of combination, or who cannot recognize their vital interest in themselves, act differently. They record possible sources of income and try to answer the question: "Can I do what is supposed or supposed to be done by a person claiming the right to use such a source of income?" And until he finds a positive answer to his question, he does not stop analyzing all possible and available sources of income.

The highest effect is achieved when “a person is in agreement with himself and with his natural capabilities”: the work for which he receives a reward is also interesting to him in itself, and not only because it brings him an individual income, but the amount of income allows you to organize your life at an acceptable level ... In the opposite situation, when a person realizes that it is necessary to provide income for himself, and if so, then he needs to work, but the work performed does not give him pleasure, he is not interested in it, he is not keen on it, there is no reason to hope for a “striking effect on others”. But a person chooses his life path himself ...

In addition, the following circumstances must be borne in mind. First, the world of professions is extremely dynamic and changeable. About 500 new professions appear annually. At the same time, many professions today "live" for only 5-15 years, and then either "die" or change beyond recognition. Secondly, a feature of the modern world of professions is the need to own not one, but several related professions. And thirdly, the person himself is not something frozen and "tightly" connected with the profession. During life, there may be a desire or need to change a profession or qualification. And for this it is necessary to be prepared for the fact that the knowledge and skills acquired during the training period will not be enough for the entire period of working life.

A person during his life will have to retrain more than once, engage in self-education, self-education. Therefore, the ultimate goal of preparing for professional activity for a modern person is to become not just a SPECIALIST, but to become a PROFESSIONAL. A specialist is a person who possesses certain knowledge, abilities and skills in a particular business (turner, adjuster, designer of some machines and mechanisms, fashion designer of children's clothes, teacher of English, etc.). A professional, on the other hand, owns professional activities in general, is able to find opportunities to apply his professional skills in a variety of changing situations, is capable of building his own activity, changing and developing it. In other words, he is capable of self-development (self-development is an active qualitative transformation by a person of his inner world).

Exercise. Reflect on this information. Discuss it with your parents, friends, other people you respect. Ask them to confirm or refute the main thoughts with specific examples from life. Answer for yourself the question, have you realized the need to start preparing for making a decision on choosing a life path? Is this work a personally meaningful goal for you? Formulate this goal for yourself. _____________________________________________________________
Now start collecting the information you need to make your decision conscious and independent.

First of all, KNOW YOURSELF.

Knowing yourself to make a decision about the content and methods of continuing education after grade 9 means determining your life and work values, interests and inclinations, realize their needs and interests.

Exercise. Consider the presented lists of life and work values. Supplement them if they are not enough for you. Choose the ones that are most important to you and write them down in descending order of importance.

My values in life

1. Happiness of others (well-being, development and improvement of other people, the entire nation, humanity as a whole).

2. Creativity (the possibility of creative activity).

3. Pleasure, entertainment, lack of responsibilities. Enjoy your time.

4. Health (physical and mental).

5. Love (spiritual and physical closeness with a loved one).

6. Family, children, caring for them.

7. Having good and loyal friends.

8. Power and career.

9. Interesting work.

10. Active active life.

11. Life wisdom.

12. Freedom, independence and independence of judgments and actions.

13. Equality as the absence of humiliation and equal opportunities for all.

14. Self-confidence, pride.

15.Cognition as an opportunity to expand your education, horizons, general culture, intellectual development.

16. Public recognition as respect for others.

17. Development as a constant spiritual and physical improvement.

18. The general situation in the world, country, society, the preservation of the well-being of everyone.

19. Sensation acuity, risk.

______________________________________________________________________

My labor values

1. RELIABILITY - to have a permanent job, which allows you to be confident in the future.

2. PRESTIGE - to have a job that gives me a high status and position in society.

3. HIGH WAGES - to have a job that provides a high material standard of living.

4. INDEPENDENCE - work that allows me to be my own boss. Follow my own judgment and work the way I want without any control.

5. DIVERSITY - work that gives the opportunity to do many different things.

6. CREATIVITY - work in which it is necessary to use my imagination or be a discoverer, “generator of ideas”.

7. LEADERSHIP - strive to manage and be responsible for people, make decisions that affect their life and work.

8. WORK WITH PEOPLE - in close contact with people, aimed at creating psychological comfort and helping others.

9. HIGH ACHIEVEMENT - work that can bring success.

10. MINIMUM RESPONSIBILITY - work under the supervision of other people who tell me what to do.

11.HANDWORK - work that requires manual dexterity, practical intelligence to work with machines and tools, or the manufacture and repair of things.

_____________________

When choosing your values, remember that there are no values right or wrong. Each person chooses what is important for himself, follows it, evaluates the results and often revises his choice. Therefore, we recommend that you reflect on this problem, using examples from fiction, stories of experienced adults, descriptions of the life of famous people, to analyze human destinies, how they developed and what consequences they led in accordance with the chosen life values.

Record the results of your analytical work in the following table.

My life and professional values

Values

1st quarter of grade 9

4th quarter 9th grade

Life values

1 ________________

__________________

2 ________________

__________________

3 ________________

__________________

1 ________________

__________________

2 ________________

__________________

3 ________________

__________________

1 ________________

__________________

2 ________________

__________________

3 ________________

__________________

Labor values

1 ________________

__________________

2 ________________

__________________

3 ________________

__________________

1 ________________

__________________

2 ________________

__________________

3 ________________

__________________

1 ________________

__________________

2 ________________

__________________

3 ________________

__________________

MY INTERESTS AND BENDINGS

There are people who are lucky: they know from childhood who they want to be. But such people are few. There are those who early started doing something in a circle, section and, as they say, "found themselves." But most people find it difficult to define their interests. To some, everything seems equally interesting. And for some, nothing seems interesting. How to decide what to give preference to?

It is easiest for a student to start this work with introspection of inclusion, interest and emotional well-being in the classroom.

Exercise. Observe yourself in class, analyze your condition and fill in the following table.

Pre-	How do I study?	How do I feel?	How interesting am I?
Always good	Sometimes good, sometimes bad	Always bad	Always good	Sometimes good, sometimes bad	Always bad	Always interesting	Sometimes interesting, sometimes not	Never interested
Russian language
Literature
Maths

Computer science
Geography
Foreign language

Biology

Social nie (I and the world, KKD, right)
Physical Education

1. List the items for which self-esteem is highest in all three dimensions: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Analyze your report card:

What subjects do you have the highest GPA in?

Does this list match what you wrote out above?

If not, where are those subjects in which you feel most comfortable in the success of your studies?

3. Make a conclusion: in which subjects you are most likely to find your interest.

4. Deepen your knowledge of these subjects: read additional literature, popular science articles, magazines, brochures. Take an interest in what spheres of life knowledge in these subjects is used, what professions exist in them.

We are sure that after doing this work, most of you will be able to determine the range of your interests. Write down your interests _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

You know that interest alone is not enough for the successful professional choice of a person. It is also important to have a penchant for the chosen professional activity. Interest answers the question "What do I want to know?", The inclination - "What do I want to do?" It is the emergence of a propensity for certain activities that is usually a prerequisite for the development of the corresponding abilities.

The emergence and identification of an inclination is possible only in the practical activity of a person. Therefore, to determine their inclinations you should try your hand at different things related to your interests... It can be reports, abstracts, research projects, actions, organization and participation in competitions, class and school-wide events, volunteering, work in the summer and much more.

After checking your inclinations, write down what interests you would like to improve your skills and abilities: ______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

If you have not been able to determine interests and inclinations on your own, or you are not sure of the correctness of your choice, then a school psychologist or psychologists can provide you with some help - consultants from the district Education Center or the Employment Center. However, remember that the tests give an answer based on your opinion of yourself. Therefore, learn to think about yourself, try to understand yourself.

The methodology "Map of interests" can help you with this.

Instruction. The “map of interests” consists of 78 statements. Answer the question "Do you love, do you like, would you like to?" for each statement as follows: if you like what the statement says, then put a “+” sign next to the ordinal number of the statement in the answer form, if you don’t like it - “-”; if in doubt, put "0".

Do you love, do you like, would you like?

3. Find out the device of electrical appliances.

5. Learn about the life of people in different countries.

6. Get to know the life of plants and animals.

8. Discuss political events at home and abroad.

10. Get acquainted with the work of a doctor.

11. To create comfort in the house, classroom, school.

12. Visit theaters, museums, exhibitions.

15. Do your chemistry homework.

16. Fix household electrical appliances.

17. Attend technical exhibitions, get acquainted with the latest technology.

18. Go hiking, explore your native land.

19. Study zoology, botany, biology.

21. Participate in school affairs.

22. Explain homework to your friends.

26. Take an active part in the life of the school.

27. Conduct experiments in physics.

30. Collect and repair mechanisms (watches, bicycles)

47. Make reports on historical topics.

48. Organize school-wide activities.

49. Taking care of children.

50. Make different purchases.

51. Talk to other people about art.

52. Engage in sports clubs.

53. Participate in physics and mathematics Olympiads.

54. Solve problems in chemistry.

55. Perform work with measuring instruments.

56. Perform work on mechanics.

57. Understand geographical, geological maps.

58. Conduct experiments in biology.

59. Discuss the books read and the films seen.

60. Study the politics and economics of other countries.

61. Discuss the issues of education and training.

62. To get acquainted with the structure of the human body.

63. Convince people of something.

64. Get acquainted with the history of art.

65. Be an organizer in hikes and games.

66. Perform mathematical operations.

67. Notice chemical phenomena in nature.

68. Understand radio circuits.

69. Execute drawings.

70. Make a topographic survey of the area.

71. Taking care of animals.

72. Make presentations on issues of literature.

73. Get acquainted with the history of culture.

74. Giving explanations to younger students.

75. To study the causes of various diseases.

76. Meet, communicate with different people.

77. Participate in performances, concerts.

78. Observe the regime of the day.

Answer form

Processing of results. Thirteen columns in the form are thirteen areas of professional activity:

1 - physics and mathematics

2 - chemistry

3 - radio engineering and electronics

4 - mechanics and design

5 - geography-geology

6 - biology

7 - philology

8 - history and politics

9 - pedagogy and education

10 - medicine

11 - home economics

12 - art

For each of the columns, the arithmetic sum of the pluses and minuses is calculated. The preferred direction of professional activity is determined by the greatest positive value of the sum of the pluses and minuses.

The questions are grouped in such a way that the first two in each vertical column make it possible to find out if the student has a desire familiarize with a particular area of knowledge and type of activity. The second two mean striving for in-depth knowledge subject of their interests, and the last two - practical activities in this area.

Exercise. Formulate the result of your work to identify interests and inclinations, what type of profession is preferable for you ______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

You know that each type of profession has certain requirements for a person. Make a program for the improvement and development of your individual qualities:

EXPLORE THE WORLD

The professional activity of a person is carried out in the system of social production of the country. Choosing a profession in accordance with his values, interests and inclinations, a person must imagine in which areas of economic activity he can find application for his professional knowledge, skills and abilities. To do this, you need to know what the national economy of the country is.

The entire national economy of the country includes two main spheres of activity: production (the sphere of material production) and non-production. Each area consists of a number of industries (see diagram)

The sectoral structure of social production in Russia

Each industry includes large production links - subsectors. For example, industry - the most important branch of production consists of two large groups of industries - extractive and manufacturing; It is also subdivided into production of means of production (machine-building complex, production of structural materials, fuel and energy complex, agro-industrial complex) and production of consumer goods.

Each industry has its own conditions and wages, there is its own system of training and retraining of personnel.

Exercise. Find out from adults in which industries you can work in your chosen profession, what are the conditions and wages in them, in which institutes and colleges train personnel for these industries. Relate them to your life and work values. Remember: the competition for admission to a secondary and higher vocational educational institution and the requirements for the quality of preparation of an applicant for vocational education largely depend on these factors. Write down in the study of which subjects you need to catch up, and which ones to study in depth _____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Another condition for the successful choice of a profession is to predict one's professionalism in specific activities. You know that, on the one hand, one and the same kind of activity can be engaged in different professions, and on the other hand, one can engage in different kinds of activity in one profession. Therefore, preparing for a professional education, it is very important to try yourself in different types of activities and try to understand what you do better and brings more satisfaction. So try to try yourself:

v management- leadership of someone's activities;

v maintenance- work to satisfy someone's needs;

v education- the process of transferring knowledge and skills, forming a personality,

v health improvement - getting rid of diseases and their prevention,

v creativity- creation of original works;

v production- manufacturing of any product;

v designing- design of parts and objects for their subsequent production;

v research- scientific study of something;

v protection- protection from hostile actions;

v control- verification.

Exercise. Find out the possibilities of different types of activity within the chosen type of profession. Check the list of educational institutions where you can get the necessary professional education. Write down what kind of education you need to get in grades 10-11 of the school in order to prepare for entering the university _____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Useful information.

1. Possible training profiles at the senior level: physical and mathematical, physical and chemical, chemical and biological, biological and geographical, socioeconomic, social and humanitarian, philological, information technology, agrotechnological, industrial and technological, artistic and aesthetic, defense and sports.

2. Possible profile study of subjects at the senior level: Russian language, literature, foreign language, mathematics, history, physical education, social studies, economics, law, geography, physics, chemistry, biology, informatics, art, technology, life safety.

3. To obtain specialized education, at least two subjects must be studied at the profile level.

4. Education at the senior level can be both specialized and universal.

5. The educational trajectory after the 9th grade can go through preparation for entering the university in 10-11 grades of school, receiving primary or secondary vocational education in college, acquiring initial professional skills directly at work.

MY WORK ON SELF-RECOGNITION IN CLASS 8

MY WORK ON SELF-RECOGNITION IN CLASS 9

PAGE FOR PARENTS

(introduce her parents)

It is important for parents to know that the degree of their influence on the professional choice of the child is colossal. Moreover, this influence is not necessarily expressed in the form of specific advice or instructions. Often it is of an indirect (indirect) nature: an opinion expressed in passing, a professional personal example, an attitude towards some specific professions and relationships with people as representatives of professions, etc.

In addition, due to shyness and lack of necessary skills, many adolescents find it difficult to take any specific actions (call, visit a school or educational institution), and the help of parents can be indispensable in this.

I would like to warn you against categorical recommendations and instructions to your own child, especially if your option goes against the wishes of the child. The authors of the book "The ABC of Career Guidance" note: unfortunately, we have to admit that most parents know the world of professions, aspects and conditions for choosing a profession not much better than adolescents themselves (except, of course, their professional field).

Most parents are poorly guided in the professional capabilities of their children. And since the modern labor market is changing very quickly, the outdated ideas of many parents about professions turn out to be no better than the limited, but not outdated, ideas of the adolescents themselves. Thus, to the mistakes of your child's choice, you can add your erroneous views on this problem.

The most common mistakes of professional choice:

· Limitation solely by the prestige of the profession.

· Focusing exclusively on high wages.

· Focusing exclusively on comfortable working conditions.

· Reducing learning difficulties to a minimum.

· Following only the instructions of the parents.

· Study for a company, together with friends.

Your help for the child in choosing an educational route may be as follows: wise advice, discussion of different opinions, purchase of the necessary reference books, organizing meetings with people whose professional knowledge is related to the interests of the child, collecting information about educational institutions.

Parents advice:

1. Get to know the professions in the field of ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

2.Where to go after grade 9:

Basic option _____________________________________________________________________

Fallback _____________________________________________________________________

MY CHOICE

(to be filled in before the end of grade 9)

My final choice of educational route is that I

I WANT TO RELATE MY PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES WITH

________________________________________________________________________

FOR THIS I PLAN TO CONTINUE LEARNING IN:

Basic option

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Fallback option

_____________________________________________________________________________

BY PROFILE (SPECIALTIES):

Basic option

_____________________________________________________________________________

BECAUSE…

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Useful information

In our gymnasium in grades 10-11 you can receive both a universal education and an education in profiles... Training is in progress according to individual curricula... At the profile level (optional) you can study social studies, history, economics, law, geography, foreign language, ...... Additional elective courses allow you to expand and deepen your knowledge of the chosen field of professional activity. This specialized training allows you to continue vocational training in a wide range of professions.

Training in these specialties is carried out in almost all universities in the city.

List of specialties of socio-economic

and social and humanitarian profiles for which training is conducted

in Yekaterinburg universities:

Cultural studies Religious studies Philosophy Political science Social work Sociology Regional studies Management (state and municipal management; organization management) Economics (economic theory; labor economics; finance and credit; accounting, analysis, audit: world economy; national economy; economics and enterprise management) Commerce (trade; commodity research and examination of goods; marketing) Statistics Information systems in economics (mathematical methods in economics; organization and technology of information protection; complex protection of information objects) Pedagogy Social pedagogy Document management and documentation support of management Public relations Social anthropology Social and cultural service and tourism

Russian language (task C)

The problem of the relationship to the teacher.

We need to be attentive to teachers, not only when we are in school, but also when we enter adulthood. The lines of Andrey Dementyev are immortal:

Don't you dare forget the teachers!

They worry about you and remember

And in the silence of the thoughtful rooms

They are waiting for your returns and news.

The problem of talent recognition .

I believe that we should be more attentive to talented people.

In this regard, V.G.Belinsky put it very accurately: "True and strong talent will not be killed by the severity of criticism, just as its greetings will not slightly raise it."

Let us recall A. S. Pushkin, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, whose genius was recognized too late. Through the centuries it is hard to realize that the genius poet A.S. Pushkin died in a duel very young. And the society that surrounded him is to blame for this. How many great works could we still read, if not for the villainous bullet of Dantes.

The problem of language destruction.

I am deeply convinced that the improvement of the language should lead to its enrichment, not degradation.

The words of I. S. Turgenev, the great master of literature, are eternal: "Take care of the purity of the language as a sacred object."

We must learn to love our own native language, the ability to perceive it as an invaluable gift from the great classics: A. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. A. Bunin, L. N. Tolstoy, N. V. Gogol.

And I want to believe that the degradation of the Russian language will be prevented by our literacy, the ability to read and perceive the best works of world classics with love.

The problem of creative search.

It is important for every writer to find his own reader.

Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote:

Poetry is the same extraction of radium:

In a gram production, in a year of work.

You exhaust a single word for the sake of

A thousand words of verbal ore.

Life itself helps the writer to solve problems of creativity.

S. A. Yesenin's life was multifaceted and fruitful.

Writer, director, actor V.M. Shukshin achieved recognition thanks to his persistent creative work.

The problem of saving the family.

I believe that the main function of the family is the continuation of the human race, based on correct upbringing.

A. S. Makarenko expressed himself very accurately on this occasion: “If you have given birth to a child, it means for many years to come you have given him all the tension of your thought, all your attention and all your will.”

I admire the family relations of the Rostovs, the heroes of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. Parents and children are one whole here. This unity helped to survive in difficult conditions, to become useful to society and the Motherland.

It is my deep conviction that the development of humanity begins with a full-fledged family.

The problem of recognizing classical literature.

A certain reading culture is required for the recognition of classical literature.

Maxim Gorky wrote: "Real life is not much different from a good fantastic fairy tale, if we consider it from the inside, from the side of desires and motives that guide a person in his activities."

The world classics have passed a thorny path of recognition. And the real reader is pleased that the works of W. Shakespeare, A. S. Pushkin, D. Defoe, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, A. Dumas, M. Twain, M. A. Sholokhov, Hemenguei and many other writers make up the "Golden" fund of world literature.

I believe that there should be a line between political correctness and literature.

The problem of creating children's literature.

In my opinion, children's literature becomes understandable only if it was created by a real master.

Maxim Gorky wrote: "We need a funny, amusing book that develops a sense of humor in a child."

Children's literature leaves an indelible mark on the life of every person. The works of A. Barto, S. Mikhalkov, S. Marshak, V. Bianchi, M. Prishvin, A. Lindgren, R. Kipling made each of us rejoice, worry, admire.

Thus, children's literature is the first stage of contact with the Russian language.

The problem of saving a book.

For a spiritually developed person, the very essence of reading is important, in whatever form it is present.

This is the point of view of Academician D.S. Likhacheva: "... try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit down with a book more comfortably and you will understand that there are many books you cannot live without ..."

The value of the book will not be lost if it is presented in electronic form, as modern writers do. This saves time and makes any work available to many people.

Thus, each of us needs to learn how to read and use the book correctly.

The problem of educating faith.

I believe that faith in a person should be brought up from childhood.

I was deeply touched by the words of the scientist, spiritual leader Alexander Men, who said that a person needs faith "... in the Highest, in the Ideal."

We begin to believe in goodness from childhood. How much light, warmth, positiveness the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin, Bazhov, Ershov give us.

The text I read made me think that the germs of faith that appeared in childhood multiply significantly in adulthood and help each of us to be more confident.

The problem of unity with nature .

We must understand that the fate of nature is our fate.

The poet Vasily Fedorov wrote:

To save yourself and the world,

We need, without wasting years,

Forget all the cults

Infallible

The cult of nature.

The famous Russian writer V.P. Astafiev in his work "Tsar - Fish" contrasts two heroes: Akim, who unselfishly loves nature, and Gog Hertsev, who predatory destroys it. And nature takes revenge: Goga absurdly ends his life. Astafiev convinces the reader that retribution for the immoral attitude towards nature is inevitable.

I would like to finish with the words of R. Tagore: “I came to your shore as a stranger; I lived in your house as a guest; I leave you as a friend, oh my earth. "

The problem of attitudes towards animals.

Yes, indeed, God's creature has a soul, and sometimes it understands better than a person.

I have loved from childhood the story of Gabriel Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear". I admire the friendship of the Master and the dog, which remained faithful to the end of his life. Sometimes people don't have that kind of friendship.

Kindness and humanity radiate from the pages of Antoine Saint-Exupery's story-tale "The Little Prince". He expressed his main idea with a phrase that almost became a slogan: "We are responsible for those we have tamed."

The problem of artistic beauty.

In my opinion, artistic beauty is beauty that pierces the heart.

A favorite corner that inspired M.Yu. Lermontov to create real masterpieces of art and literature, was the Caucasus. In the bosom of picturesque nature, the poet felt inspired, elated.

"I greet you, a deserted corner, a haven of calmness, work and inspiration," - this is how A.S. Pushkin wrote with love about Mikhailovsky.

Thus, artistic, invisible beauty is the lot of creative people.

The problem of attitudes towards one's homeland.

The country is becoming great thanks to the people living in it.

Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: "Love for the Motherland gives meaning to life, transforming life from vegetation into a meaningful existence."

The homeland is the most sacred in a person's life. It is about her that people first think about in incredibly difficult situations. During the Crimean War, Admiral Nakhimov, defending Sevastopol, died heroically. He bequeathed to the soldiers to defend the city to the last second.

Let's do what depends on us. And let our descendants say about us: "They loved Russia."

What does our trouble teach us?

Compassion, empathy is the result of realizing your misfortunes.

The words of Eduard Asadov make an indelible impression on me:

And if trouble breaks out somewhere,

I ask you: never with my heart,

Never turn to stone ...

The misfortune that befell Andrei Sokolov, the hero of MA Sholokhov's story "The Fate of Man", did not kill the best human qualities in him. After the loss of all his loved ones, he did not remain indifferent to the fate of the little orphan Vanyushka.

The text of M. M. Prishvin made me think deeply that any misfortune can never be someone else's.

The problem of attitude to the book.

I think that each book is interesting in its own way.

“Love the book. It will make your life easier, help you in a friendly way to sort out the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, it will teach you to respect a person and yourself, she inspires the mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for a person, ”said Maxim Gorky.

Very interesting episodes from the biography of Vasily Makarovich Shukshin. Due to difficult living conditions, only in his youth, when he entered VGIK, he was able to get acquainted with the creations of the great classics. It was the book that helped him become a wonderful writer, talented actor, director, screenwriter.

The text has already been read, put aside, but I keep pondering what to do to ensure that we only come across good books.

The problem of the influence of the media.

I am deeply convinced that modern media should instill in people a moral and aesthetic sense.

DS Likhachev wrote about this: "We need to develop intellectual flexibility in ourselves in order to understand achievements and be able to separate the fake from the genuine valuable."

Recently I read in one of the newspapers that in the 60s and 70s the best works of young writers and poets were published in the popular magazines Moskva, Znamya, Roman-Gazeta. These magazines were loved by many, because they helped to truly live, to support each other.

So let’s learn how to choose useful newspapers and magazines from which deep meaning can be drawn.

Communication problem.

In my opinion, every person should strive for sincere communication.

How well the poet Andrei Voznesensky said about this:

The essence of real communication is to give the warmth of your soul to people.

Matryona, the heroine of AI Solzhenitsyn's story “Matryona's yard”, lives by the laws of goodness, forgiveness and love. She “is the very righteous person without whom, according to the proverb, the village is not worth it. Neither the city. Not all our land. "

I have already read the text, put it aside, but I keep thinking about how important it is for each of us to understand the essence of human relationships.

The problem of admiration for the beauty of nature.

In my opinion, the beauty of nature is difficult to explain, you can only feel it.

The remarkable lines from the poem by Rasul Gamzatov echo the text of V. Rasputin:

There is no falseness in the songs of clouds and waters,

Trees, grasses and every creature of God,

The name of "the singer of nature" is firmly entrenched in M. M. Prishvin .. His works depict eternal pictures of nature, magnificent landscapes of our vast country. He expounded his philosophical visions of nature in the diary "The Road to a Friend".

V. Rasputin's text helped me realize more deeply that while the sun is drinking dew, while the fish is spawning, and the bird is building a nest, the hope is alive in a person that tomorrow will definitely come and, maybe, it will be better than today.

The problem of uncertainty in everyday life.

In my opinion, only stability and solidity will help to be confident in the "tomorrow".

I would like to emphasize T. Protasenko's reflections with the words of Eduard Asadov:

Our life is like a narrow light like a flashlight.

And from the ray to the left and to the right -

Darkness: millions of silent years ...

Everything that came before us and will come after us

It is not given to us to see, really.

Once Shakespeare through the lips of Hamlet said: "Time dislocated the joint."

After reading the excerpt, I realized that we ourselves will have to correct the "dislocated joints" of our time. Complex and difficult process.

The problem of the meaning of life.

I am deeply convinced that a person, engaging in any kind of activity, should be aware of why he is doing it.

A. P. Chekhov wrote: "Deeds are determined by their goals: that deed is called great, which has a great goal."

Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of Leo Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace, is an example of a person who strove to live his life profitably. Make mistakes. Start and throw again, and always fight and rush. And calmness is spiritual meanness. "

Thus, Yu. M. Lotman helped me realize even deeper that each of us should have a main goal in life.

The problem of the complexity of literary work.

In my opinion, it is in the writer's skill to convey to every person the secrets of his native and foreign languages that his talent manifests itself.

Eduard Asadov expressed his thoughts about the complexity of literary work: "I try to comprehend myself day and night ...".

I recall that the brilliant Russian poets A. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov were wonderful translators.

The text has already been read, put aside, and I continue to reflect on the fact that we should be grateful to those who open up the boundless spaces of languages to us.

The problem of the immortality of the individual.

I am deeply convinced that genius personalities remain immortal.

A.S. Pushkin dedicated his lines to V.A.Zhukovsky:

His poems are captivating sweetness

The envious distance will pass for centuries ...

The names of people who have dedicated their lives to Russia are immortal. These are Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Kuzma Minin, Dmitry Pozharsky, Peter 1, Kutuzov, Suvorov, Ushakov, K. G. Zhukov.

I would like to end with the words of Alexander Blok:

Oh, I want to live madly:

Everything that exists is to perpetuate

Impersonal - to humanize

Unfulfilled - to realize!

The problem of being true to a given word.

A decent person should be honest, first of all, in relation to himself.

Leonid Panteleev has a story "Honest Word". The author tells us a story about a boy who gave his word of honor to stand by the clock until the changing of the guard. This child had a strong will and a strong word.

“There is nothing stronger than a word,” said Meander.

The problem of the role of books in human life.

Meeting a good book is always a joy.

Chingiz Aitmatov: “Goodness must be raised in a person, this is the common duty of all people, of all generations. This is the task of literature and art. "

Maxim Gorky said: “Love the book. It will make your life easier, will help you in a friendly way to sort out the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, it will teach you to respect a person and yourself, she inspires the mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for a person. "

The problem of the spiritual development of the individual.

In our opinion, every person should develop spiritually. DS Likhachev wrote "" Each person, in addition to large "temporary" personal goals, should have one big personal goal ... "

In the work of A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" Chatsky is an example of a spiritually developed personality. Petty interests, empty social life disgusted him. His hobbies, intelligence were much higher than the surrounding society.

The problem of attitude to television programs.

I think that at present it is very difficult to choose the most useful out of hundreds of programs to watch.

In the book Native Land, D. S. Likhachev wrote about watching television: “... spend your time on what is worthy of this waste. Look with a choice. "

The most interesting, cognitive, moral programs, in my opinion, are "Wait for me", "Clever and clever people", "Vesti", "Big races". These programs teach me to sympathize with people, learn a lot, worry about my country and be proud of it.

The problem of worship.

In my opinion, obsequiousness, flattery has not yet been eradicated in our society.

In the work of A. P. Chekhov, "The Chameleon," the chief of police changed his behavior depending on who he communicated with: he worshiped the official and humiliated the worker.

In Nikolai Gogol's work The Inspector General, the entire elite, together with the governor, tries to please the inspector, but when it turns out that Khlestakov is not who he claims to be, all noble people freeze in a silent scene.

The problem of distorting the alphabet.

I believe that unnecessary distortion of the written form leads to a malfunction of the language.

Even in antiquity, Cyril and Methodius created the alphabet. On May 24, Russia celebrates the day of Slavic writing. This speaks of the pride of our people for the Russian letter.

The problem of education.

In my opinion, the benefits of education are judged by the end results.

"Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness," says a Russian proverb.

The politician NI Pirogov said: "Most of the most educated of us are true, they will say no more than that teaching is only a preparation for real life."

An honor problem.

In my opinion, the word "honor" has not lost its meaning in our days.

DS Likhachev wrote: "Honor, decency, conscience are qualities that must be cherished."

The story of the hero of Alexander Pushkin's novel "The Captain's Daughter" by Peter Grinev is a confirmation that a person is given the strength to live correctly by fulfilling his duty, the ability to preserve his honor and dignity, respect himself and others, and preserve his spiritual human qualities.

The problem of the purpose of art.

I believe that art should have an aesthetic purpose.

V.V. Nabokov said: "What we call art, in essence, is nothing more than the picturesque truth of life, you need to be able to grasp it, that's all."

Great creations of real artists are recognized all over the world. It is not for nothing that paintings by Russian artists Levitan and Kuindzhi are exhibited at the Louvre Museum of Art in Paris.

The problem of changing the Russian language.

In my opinion, the role of the Russian language depends on us.

“Before you is the bulk - the Russian language. Deep pleasure is calling you. Enjoyment will plunge into all its immeasurability and feel its wonderful laws ... ", wrote N. V. Gogol.

“Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this is a treasure, this heritage, passed down to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin shines again! Treat this powerful weapon with respect; in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, as a shrine! " - Summoned I.S.Turgenev.

The problem of human responsiveness.

Reading this text, you remember your own examples.

Once an unknown woman helped my parents and me find the right address in the city of Belgorod, although she was in a hurry about her business. And her words engraved in my memory: "In our age, we just help each other, otherwise we will turn into animals."

The heroes of the work of A.P. Gaidar "Timur and his team" are immortal. Guys who selflessly provide assistance help to form moral and aesthetic flair. The main thing is to cultivate a bright soul, a desire to help people and understand who to be in this life.

The problem of remembering native places.

Sergei Yesenin has wonderful lines:

Low house with blue shutters

I will never forget you, -

Were too recent

Resounding in the twilight of the year.

I. S. Turgenev spent the last years of his life abroad. He died in the French city of Boujeval in 1883. Before his death, the seriously ill writer turned to his friend Yakov Polonsky: “When you are in Spasskoye, bow from me to the house, the garden, my young oak - the homeland, which I will probably never see.

The text I read helped me to realize more deeply that it is dearer than my native places, my homeland, and a lot has been invested in this concept, nothing can be.

The problem of conscience.

I believe that the most important adornment of a person is a clear conscience.

"Honor, decency, conscience - these are qualities that need to be treasured," wrote DS Likhachev.

Vasily Makarovich Shukshin has a film story "Kalina Krasnaya". The main character Yegor Prokudin, a former criminal, in his heart cannot forgive himself that he brought a lot of grief to his mother. When meeting an elderly woman, he cannot admit that he is her son.

The text I read made me think deeply about the fact that no matter what situations we find ourselves in, we must not lose our human face and our dignity.

The problem of individual freedom and responsibility to society.

Everyone should be aware of their responsibility to society. This is confirmed by the lines written by Y. Trifonov: “Every person has a glimpse of history. It scorches some with a bright, hot and formidable light, on others it is barely noticeable, a little flickering, but it exists for everyone. "

Academician D. S. Likhachev said: "If a person lives to bring people good, to alleviate their suffering in case of illness, to give people joy, then he evaluates himself at the level of his humanity."

Chingiz Aitmatov said about freedom: "Freedom of the individual and society is the most important unchanging goal and the most important meaning of life, and nothing more important in the historical sense can not be, this is the most important progress, and therefore the welfare of the state."

The problem of patriotism.

“Love for the Motherland gives meaning to life, transforming life from vegetation into a meaningful existence,” wrote DS Likhachev.

The feats of the older generation during the Great Patriotic War confirm that the Motherland is the most sacred in human life. One cannot remain indifferent while reading the story of Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet .." about young girls-anti-aircraft gunners who died defending their native land from the enemy.

A real soldier who selflessly loves his homeland is Nikolai Pluzhnikov, the hero of Boris Vasiliev's story "Was not on the lists." Until the last minute of his life, he defended the Brest Fortress from the Nazis.

“A person cannot live without a Motherland, just as one cannot live without a heart,” wrote K. G. Paustovsky.

The problem of choosing a profession.

Only then will a person be passionate about his work, if he does not make a mistake in choosing a profession. DS Likhachev wrote: “You have to be passionate about your profession, your work, those people whom you directly provide assistance (this is especially necessary for a teacher and a doctor), and those to whom you bring help“ from afar ”without seeing them."

The role of mercy in a person's life.

Russian poet G.R.Derzhavin said:

Who does not harm or offend,

And does not repay evil with evil:

The sons of their sons will see

And in life there is all good.

And FM Dostoevsky owns the following lines: "Not accepting the world in which at least one tear of a child is shed."

The problem of cruelty and humanism towards animals.

Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "Plakha" warns us about the common human misfortune. The main characters of the novel, the wolves, Akbara and Tashchinar, die through the fault of man. All nature has died in their face. Therefore, the inevitable chopping block awaits people.

The text I read made me think about the fact that we should learn from animals of devotion, understanding, love.

The problem of the complexity of human relationships.

The great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy wrote: "Life is only if you live for others." In War and Peace, he reveals this idea, showing by the example of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov what real life is.

And S. I. Ozhegov said: "Life is the activity of man and society, in one form or another of its manifestations."

The problem of the relationship between "fathers and children".

BP Pasternak said: "The violator of love for his neighbor is the first of people to betray himself ..."

The writer Anatoly Aleksin describes the conflict between generations in his story "Division of Property". “Going to law with your mother is the most superfluous thing on earth,” the judge says to a man-son who is suing his mother for property.

Each of us needs to learn to do good. Do not cause trouble, pain to loved ones.

Friendship problem.

VP Nekrasov wrote: "The most important thing in friendship is the ability to understand and forgive."

A. Pushkin characterized real friendship as follows: “My friends, our union is wonderful! He, as a soul, is inseparable and eternal. "

The problem of jealousy.

Jealousy is a feeling uncontrollable by the mind, forcing you to commit thoughtless actions.

In the novel by MA Sholokhov "Quiet Don" Stepan brutally beats his wife Aksinya, who for the first time truly fell in love with Grigory Melekhov.

In Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina, her husband's jealousy leads Anna to commit suicide.

I think everyone should strive for the ability to understand a loved one and find the courage to forgive him.

What is true love?

Marina Tsvetaeva has wonderful lines:

Like right and left hand -

Your soul is close to my soul.

KD Ryleev has a historical thought about Natalya Borisovna Dolgoruka, daughter of Field Marshal Sheremetyev. She did not leave her fiancé, who had lost his will, titles, fortune, and went after him into exile. After the death of her husband, the twenty-eight-year-old beauty cut her hair as a nun. She said: "In love there is a secret, sacred, it has no end."

The problem of art perception.

Leo Tolstoy's words about art are true: “Art does the work of memory: it chooses from the stream the most vivid, exciting, significant and imprints it in the crystals of books”.

And V.V. Nabokov said: “What we call art is, in essence, nothing more than the picturesque truth of life; you need to be able to catch it, that's all. "

The problem of intelligence.

DS Likhachev wrote: "... intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is needed in order to live long not only physically, but also mentally."

I consider the great writer A.I.Solzhenitsyn to be a truly intelligent person. He lived a difficult life, but until the end of his days he remained physically and morally healthy.

The problem of nobility.

Bulat Okudzhava wrote:

Conscience, Nobility and Dignity - Here it is - our holy army.

Stretch out your palm to him, For him it is not scary and into the fire.

His face is high and amazing. Dedicate your short century to him.

You may not become a winner, But then you will die as a person.

The greatness of morality and nobility are components of heroic deeds. In the work of Boris Lvovich Vasiliev, "He was not on the lists" Nikolai Pluzhnikov remains a man in any situation: in a relationship with his beloved woman, under the continuous bombing of the Germans. This is true heroism.

The problem of beauty.

Nikolai Zabolotsky reflects on beauty in his poem "Ugly Girl": "Is she a vessel, in which there is emptiness or fire flickering in a vessel?"

True beauty is spiritual beauty. LN Tolstoy convinces us of this by painting the images of Natasha Rostova, Marya Bolkonskaya in the novel War and Peace.

The problem of happiness.

Wonderful lines about happiness from the poet Eduard Asadov:

See beauty in the ugly,

See river floods in the streams!

Who knows how to be happy on weekdays,

He really is a happy man.

Academician DS Likhachev wrote: "Happiness is achieved by the one who seeks to make others happy and is able to forget about his interests, about himself, at least for a while."

Growing up problem .

When a person begins to realize his involvement in solving important life problems, he begins to grow up.

The words of KD Ushinsky are true: "Purpose in life is the core of human dignity and human happiness."

And the poet Eduard Asadov said:

If it grows, then from the youth of Nastya,

After all, you ripen not by years, but by deeds.

And everything that did not have time before thirty,

Then, most likely, you will not be in time.

The problem of education.

A. S. Makarenko wrote: “Our entire system of education is the implementation of the slogan of attention to a person. About attention not only to his interests, his needs, but also to his duty. "

S. Ya. Marshak has lines: "Let your mind be kind, and your heart be smart."

An educator who has made his “heart clever” in relation to the pupil will achieve the desired result.

What is the meaning of human life

The famous Russian poet A. Voznesensky said:

The more we take away from the heart,

The more remains in our hearts.

The heroine of the story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's yard" lives by the laws of goodness, forgiveness, love. Matryona gives the warmth of her soul to people. She “is the very righteous person without whom, according to the proverb, the village is not worth it. Neither the city. Not all our land. "

Learning problem.

Happy is the person who has a teacher in his life

For Altynai, the heroine of Chingiz Aitmatov's story "The First Teacher", Duishen was the teacher before whom "... in the most difficult moments of her life" she answered and "... did not dare to retreat" in the face of difficulties.

The person for whom the profession of a teacher is a vocation is Lydia Mikhailovna V. Rasputina "French Lessons". It was she who became the main person for her student, whom he remembered all his life.

The problem of the importance of labor in human life.

In the attitude of a person to work, the moral value of each of us is measured.

KD Ushinsky said: "Self-education, if it wants happiness for a person, should educate him not for happiness, but prepare him for the work of life."

And the Russian proverb says: "Without labor - you can't take a fish out of the pond."

According to V. A. Sukhomlinsky: "Work is necessary for a person just like food, it must be regular, systematic."

The problem of self-limitation.

Human needs must be limited. A person must be able to manage himself.

In "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by Alexander Pushkin, the old woman lost everything that the Goldfish helped her to acquire, because her desires exceeded the necessary limit.

The Russian folk proverb is true: "Better a bird in the hands than a crane in the sky."

The problem of indifference.

Unfortunately, many people live by the proverb: "My hut is on the edge - I don't know anything."

Encyclopedia of arguments

The annotation comes first, and then the arguments themselves.

By creating this book, we wanted to help students successfully pass the unified state exam in Russian. In the process of preparing for the essay, a seemingly strange circumstance emerged: many high school students cannot substantiate this or that thesis with any examples. Television, books, newspapers, information from school textbooks, all this mighty stream of information should seem to provide the student with the necessary material. Why, then, the hand of a writing essay freezes helplessly in the place where it is necessary to argue for a personal position?

The problems that the student experiences when he tries to substantiate this or that statement are caused rather not by the fact that he does not know some information, but by the fact that he cannot apply the information he knows in the right way. There are no arguments "from birth", a statement acquires the function of an argument when it proves or refutes the truth or falsity of the thesis. An argument in an essay for the exam in the Russian language acts as a certain semantic part that follows after a certain statement (everyone knows the logic of any proof: theorem - justification - conclusion),

In the narrow sense - in relation to an essay on the exam, an example should be considered an argument, which is framed in a certain way and occupies an appropriate place in the composition of the text.

An example is a fact or special case used as a starting point for a subsequent generalization or to support a generalization made.

The example is not just a fact, but typicalfact, that is, a fact that reveals a certain tendency, which serves as the basis for a certain generalization. The typing function of the example explains its widespread use in argumentation processes.

In order for an example to be perceived not as a separate statement that presents some information, but as an argument, it is necessary compositionally arrange: he must occupy a subordinate position in the semantic hierarchy in relation to the affirmed, serve as material for the deduced provisions.

Our encyclopedia of arguments contains several thematic headings, each of which is divided into the following sections:

Problems
Approving theses that need to be substantiated

3. Quotes (they can be used both to expand the introduction and to create the final part of the composition)

4. Examples that can be used to argue the general thesis.

Perhaps someone will be confused by the obvious identity of the arguments from different thematic headings. But after all, any social problem, ultimately, comes down to a naked confrontation between good and evil, life and death, and these universal categories draw into their orbit all the diversity of human manifestations. Therefore, speaking, for example, about the need to protect nature, we must talk about love for the homeland and about the moral qualities of a person.

1. Problems

1. The moral qualities of a real person
2. The fate of man

3.Human treatment of a person

4. Mercy and compassion

2. Approving theses

Bring light and goodness to the world!
To love a person is the main principle of humanism.
We are responsible for someone else's life.

4. Help, comfort, support - and the world will become a little kinder.

3. Quotes

1. The world itself is neither evil nor good, it is a receptacle for both, depending on what you yourself have turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher).

2. If your life does not awaken your life, the world will forget you in the eternal change of being (I. Goethe, German writer).

3. The only commandment: "Burn" (M. Voloshin, Russian poet).

4. Shining on others, I burn out (Van Tulip, Dutch physician).

5. While you are young, strong, vigorous, do not get tired of doing good (A. Chekhov, Russian writer).

4. Arguments

Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor.

1) The American writer D. London in one of his works told about how a man and his wife got lost in the endless snow-covered steppe. Food supplies were running out, and the woman grew weaker every day. When she fell exhausted, her husband found crackers in her pockets. It turns out that the woman, realizing that there was not enough food for two, took care of the food in order to enable her beloved to be saved.

2) The outstanding Russian writer B. Vasiliev spoke about Dr. Jansen. He died saving children who fell into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime, was buried by the whole city.

3) In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, the former siege soldier recalls that he, a dying teenager, during a terrible famine saved his life by a living neighbor who brought a can of canned meat sent by his son from the front. "I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live," the man said. He soon died, and the boy he saved for the rest of his life retained a grateful memory of him.

4) The tragedy took place in the Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in the nursing home, where the sick old people lived, who could not even walk. Nurse Lydia Pashentseva rushed to help the disabled. The woman pulled several patients out of the fire, but could not get out herself.

5) Pinagora fish lay eggs at low tide.

If the gone water exposes a pile of eggs, then you can see a touching sight: the male guarding the eggs from time to time waters it from his mouth so that it does not dry out. Probably, caring for one's neighbor is a property of all living things.

6) In 1928, the airship of the famous Italian traveler Nobile crashed. The victims were on the ice, they sent a distress signal by radio. As soon as the message arrived, the Norwegian traveler R. Amundsen equipped a seaplane and, risking his life, went in search of Nobile and his comrades. Soon, communication with the plane was interrupted, only a few months later its fragments were found. The famous polar explorer died saving people.

7) During the Crimean War, the famous doctor Pirogov, having learned about the plight of the garrison defending Sevastopol, began to ask for war. He was refused, but he was persistent, because he could not imagine a quiet life for himself, knowing that many of the wounded needed the help of an experienced surgeon.

8) In the legends of the ancient Aztecs, the axis said that the world was completely destroyed four times. After the fourth cataclysm, the sun went out. Then the gods gathered and began to think how to create a new star. They built a large fire, and its light dispersed the darkness. BUT so that the light from the fire is not extinguished, one of the gods had to voluntarily sacrifice himself to the fire. And then one young god threw himself into the blazing flames. This is how the sun appeared, which illuminates our earth. This legend expresses the idea that selflessness is the light of our life.

9) The famous film director S. Rostotsky said that he shot the film "The Dawns Here Are Quiet ..." as a tribute to the woman-nurse who pulled him from the battlefield during the Great Patriotic War.

10) Naturalist Yevgeny Mare, who lived among baboons in Africa for three years, once spied a leopard lay down near the path along which a belated herd of baboons was hurrying to the saving caves: males, females, babies - in a word, faithful prey. Two males separated from the herd, slowly climbed onto the rock above the leopard and jumped down at once. One grabbed the leopard's throat, the other in the back. The leopard ripped open the belly of the first with its hind paw and broke the bones of the second with its front paws. But just a fraction of a second before his death, the fangs of the first baboon closed on the vein of the leopard, and the whole three went to the next world. Of course, both baboons could not help but sense the mortal danger. But they saved the herd.

Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity

1) M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength to resist fate.

2) V. Hugo in the novel "Les Miserables" tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole a silver dish from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, experienced a true rebirth in one minute, and after that he became an honest man.

3) One of the medical scientists insisted that the laboratory staff work in the polyclinic: they had to see how the patients suffer. This forced young researchers to work with tripled energy, since a specific human life depended on their efforts.

4) In ancient Babylon, the patient was taken out to the square, and each passer-by could give him advice on how to be healed, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there was no someone else's misfortune, there was no someone else's suffering.

5) During the filming of the film "Cold Summer 53 ...", which took place in a remote Karelian village, all the surrounding residents, especially children, gathered to see the "Wolf's grandfather" - Anatoly Papanov. The director wanted to drive out the residents so that they would not interfere with the filming process, but Papanov gathered all the children, talked with them, wrote something to each of them in a notebook. And the children, eyes shining with happiness, looked at the great actor. Their memory will forever remain a meeting with this man, who for their sake interrupted expensive shooting.

6) Ancient historians told that Pythagoras bought fish from fishermen and threw it back into the sea. People laughed at the eccentric, and he said that, saving fish from the nets, he was trying to save people from a terrible lot - to be enslaved by the conquerors. Indeed, all living things are connected by invisible, but strong threads of causality: each of our actions, like a resounding echo, rolls over the space of the universe, causing certain consequences.

7) An encouraging word, a caring look, an affectionate smile help a person achieve success, strengthen his faith in his own strength. Psychologists have conducted an interesting experiment that clearly proves the validity of this statement. We recruited random people and asked them to make benches for the kindergarten for some time. The workers of the first group were constantly praised, while the other was scolded for their inability and negligence. What is the result? In the first group, there were twice as many benches as in the second. This means that a kind word really helps a person.

8) Every person needs understanding, sympathy, warmth. Once the outstanding Russian commander A. Suvorov saw a young soldier who, frightened of the upcoming battle, fled into the forest. When the enemy was defeated, Suvorov rewarded the heroes, the order went to the one who faint-heartedly sat in the bushes. The poor soldier nearly collapsed with shame. In the evening, he returned the award and confessed to the commander of his cowardice. Suvorov said: "I am taking your order for safekeeping, because I believe in your bravery!" In the next battle, the soldier amazed everyone with his fearlessness and courage and deservedly received the order.

9) One of the legends tells about how Saint Kasyan and Nikola the Pleasant once walked across the land. We saw a man who was trying to pull a cart out of the mud. Kasyan, hurrying to important business and not wanting to stain the heavenly dress, went on, and Nikola helped the peasant. When the Lord found out about this, he decided to give Nikola two holidays a year, and Kasyan one in four years - on February 29.

10) In the early Middle Ages, your well-bred, pious owner considered it his duty to shelter a beggar tramp under the roof of his house. It was believed that the prayers of the disadvantaged are more likely to reach God. The owners asked the unfortunate vagrant to pray for them in the temple, for this they gave him a coin. Of course, this hospitality was not devoid of a certain self-interest, nevertheless, even then, moral laws arose in the minds of people, which required not to offend the disadvantaged, to pity them.

11) The famous figure skating coach Stanislav Zhuk drew attention to the girl, whom everyone considered hopeless. The coach liked that she, not possessing any special talent, worked without sparing herself. Zhuk believed in her, began to study with her, from this girl the most titled figure skater of the twentieth century, Irina Rodnina, grew up.

12) Numerous studies of psychologists who study the problems of school education prove how important it is to inspire a child with faith in his strength. When a teacher places great hopes on students, expects high results from them, then this already turns out to be sufficient to increase the level of intelligence by 25 points.

13) An almost incredible incident was told in one of the television programs. The girl wrote a fairy tale about her friend, who since childhood due to a serious illness could not walk. The tale spoke of the magical healing of the patient. A friend read the story and, as she herself admitted, decided that now she must recover. She just threw off her crutches and went. This is the kind of magic that sincere kindness turns out to be.

14) Compassion is not unique to humans. It is characteristic even of animals, and this is evidence of the natural nature of this feeling. Scientists have done the following experiment: next to the experimental chamber they placed a cage with a rat, which received an electric shock every time one of her fellow tribesmen took a bread ball from the shelf. Some rats continued to run and eat food, oblivious to the suffering creature. Others quickly grabbed food, ran to another corner of the cell, and then ate it, turning away from the cage with the tortured relative. But most animals, hearing the squeak of pain and discovering its cause, immediately refused food and did not run to the shelf with bread.

Callous and soulless attitude towards a person

1) In January 2006, a terrible fire broke out in Vladivostok. The premises of the Savings Bank, which was located on the eighth floor of the "skyscraper", caught fire. The chief demanded that the employees first hide all documents in the safe, and then evacuate. While the documents were being removed, a fire engulfed the corridor, and many of the girls died.

2) During the recent war in the Caucasus, an incident occurred that caused just outrage in society. A wounded soldier was brought to the hospital, but the doctors refused to admit him, claiming that their institution belongs to the Ministry of Internal Affairs system, and the soldier belongs to the Ministry of Defense. While they were looking for the necessary medical unit, the wounded died.

3) One of the Germanic legends tells of a man who, after spending many years in sin, decided to repent and start a righteous life. He went to the Pope to ask for his blessing. But the Pope, having heard the confession of the sinner, exclaimed that before his reed was covered with leaves, before he received a petition. The sinner realized that it was too late for him to repent, and went on to sin. But the next day, the Pope's cane suddenly became covered with green leaves, messengers were sent after the sinner to announce his forgiveness, but they could not find him anywhere.

4) The position of the rejected is always tragic. Even if he brings new knowledge, new truths, no one listens to him. Scientists pay attention to the fact that this phenomenon occurs among animals. The monkey, which occupied a low position in its herd, was taught with the help of complex manipulations to get bananas. The Kindred simply took away these bananas, without even trying to understand how they were obtained. When the leader of the pack was taught such techniques, all the relatives watched with interest his manipulations and tried to imitate him.

5) The word can save a person, but you can destroy him.

The tragedy happened the day before the operation. The English surgeon drew his heart to the famous Russian actor Yevgeny Evstitneev and explained that of the four valves, only one works for him, and that is only 10 percent. "YOU will die anyway," the doctor said, "whether you have the operation or not." The meaning of his words was that you need to take the risk by agreeing to the operation, because we are all mortal, we all will die sooner or later. The great actor instantly imagined what the doctor was talking about. And the heart stopped.

6) Napoleon in his youth was poor, almost starving, his mother wrote him desperate letters, calling for help, because she had nothing to feed a huge family. Napoleon bombarded various authorities with petitions, asking for at least some kind of alms, he was ready to serve anyone, just to earn meager funds. Was it then, when faced with arrogant arrogance and heartlessness, he began to cherish dreams of power over the whole world in order to avenge all of humanity for the tortures he had experienced.

Problems

1. Man and homeland

2. The connection of a person with his people

Approving theses

1. Love, value and protect your homeland.

2. Love for the homeland is manifested not in loud words, but in a careful attitude towards what surrounds you.

3. Each of us is a living particle of the river of time, which flows from the past into the future.

Quotes

1. A person cannot live without a homeland, just as one cannot live without a heart (K. Paustovsky).

2. I ask my offspring to take my example: to be faithful to the fatherland until exhaustion (A. Suvorov).

3. Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood relationship, his blood ties with his fatherland (V. Belinsky).

Arguments

A person cannot live without his homeland

1) A well-known writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from the police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally got to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, forest, sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor.

2) The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. Nobody knew what was in it. Only many years later, relatives learned that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

3) The Nazis, having occupied France, offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the civil war, to cooperate with them in the fight against the Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because his homeland was dearer to him than political differences.

4) African slaves, taken to America, yearned for their native land. In despair, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, throwing off the body, could, like a bird, fly home.

5) The most terrible punishment in ancient times was considered the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home - a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language ... There you are completely alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving the homeland meant for a person to lose everything.

6) The outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretyak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay a big salary. The Tretiak pointed to heaven and earth and asked: "Will you buy this for me too?" The answer of the famous athlete confused everyone, and no one returned to this proposal.

7) When, in the middle of the 19th century, an English squadron laid siege to Istanbul's one hundred face of Turkey, the entire population rose to defend their city. The townspeople destroyed their own homes if they interfered with the Turkish cannons from targeting enemy ships.

8) One day the wind decided to knock down a mighty oak tree that grew on a hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak: "Why can't I defeat you?"

The oak replied that it was not the trunk that held him. Its strength lies in the fact that it has grown into the ground, its roots hold on to it. This ingenuous story expresses the idea that love for the homeland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of ancestors makes the people invincible.

9) When the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain loomed over England, the entire population, hitherto torn apart by enmity, rallied the axis around its queen. Merchants and noblemen used their own money to equip the army, people of simple rank were enlisted in the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the "invincible armada" of the Spaniards was defeated.

10) The Turks, during their military campaigns, captured captive boys and youths. Children were forcibly converted to Islam, turned into warriors, who were called janissaries. The Turks hoped that, deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and obedience, the new warriors would become a reliable stronghold of the state. But this did not happen: the janissaries had nothing to defend, they were cruel and merciless in battle, they fled in serious danger, constantly demanded an increase in salary, refused to serve without a generous reward. It all ended with the disbandment of the Janissary detachments, and the inhabitants, on pain of death, were forbidden even to pronounce this word.

11) Ancient historians tell about a Greek athlete who refused to fight for Athens, explaining that he needed to prepare for sports. When he expressed a desire to participate in the Olympic Games, the citizens told him: "You did not want to share the grief with us, so you are not worthy to share the joy with us."

12) The famous traveler Afanasy Nikitin during his wanderings saw a lot of outlandish and unusual things. He told about this in his travel notes "Walking the Three Seas". But the exoticism of distant countries did not extinguish his love for his motherland, on the contrary, in his soul, the longing for his father's home flared up even more.

13) Once, during the First World War, at a military meeting, Nikolai-2 uttered a phrase that began like this: "For me and Russia ...". But one of the generals present at this meeting politely corrected the tsar: "Your Majesty, YOU probably wanted to say" to Russia and you ... "Nikolai II admitted his mistake.

14) Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace" reveals the "military secret" - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against the armies, then in Russia he was opposed by the whole people. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the struggle against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.

] 5) The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antaeus, because it was love for the motherland that gave him moral strength.

16) Napoleon, entering Russia, knew that the peasants were greatly oppressed by the landowners, so he hoped for the support of the common people. But what was his surprise when he was told that the men did not want to sell fodder for hard currency. "They don't understand their benefits ?!" - the emperor exclaimed in bewilderment and confusion.

17) When the outstanding Russian doctor Pirogov invented an apparatus for inhaling ethereal vapors, he turned to a tinsmith with a request to make it according to drawings. The tinsmith learned that this device was designed to operate on soldiers who fought during the Crimean War, and said that he would do everything for free for the sake of the Russian people.

190 German General Guderian recalled an incident that struck him. During the Great Patriotic War, a Soviet artilleryman was captured, who single-handedly dragged a cannon with a single shell. It turns out that this soldier knocked out four enemy tanks and repelled a tank attack. What force forced a soldier, without support, to fight desperately against enemies - this the German general could not understand. It was then that he uttered the phrase that has become historical: "It does not seem that in a month we walked around Moscow."

20) The soldier of the Red Army Nikodim Korzennikov is called phenomenal: he was the only soldier who was deaf and dumb from birth in all the armies of the world. He volunteered for the front to defend his homeland. Rescuing the commander of the detachment, he was captured. He was severely beaten, not realizing that HE was simply not capable of giving out any military secrets - a deaf-mute! Nicodemus was sentenced to be hanged, but he managed to escape. He got hold of a German machine gun and went out to his own. He fought as a machine gunner in the most dangerous areas of the war. Where did this man, who could neither hear nor speak, have the strength to do what nature itself denied him? Of course, it was a sincere and selfless love for the homeland.

21) The famous polar explorer Sedov once gave the ballerina Anna Pavlova a beautiful smart husky. Anna Pavlova loved to take this dog with her for a walk. But the unexpected happened. They drove past the snow-covered Neva, the husky saw the endless expanses of the snowy field, jumped out of the sleigh with a bark and, rejoicing in the familiar landscape, quickly disappeared from sight. Pavlov did not wait for her pet.

1. Problems

1. The meaning of human life
2. Faithfulness to your calling
3. Finding the path of life
4. True and False Values
5. Happiness
6. freedom

P. Approving theses

1. The meaning of human life is self-realization.

Love makes a person happy.

3. A lofty goal, service to ideals allows a person to reveal the forces inherent in him.

Serving the cause of life is the main goal of a person.
A person cannot be imprisoned.

6. You cannot force a person to be happy.

III... Quotes

1. There is nothing insurmountable in the world (A. V. Suvorov, commander).

2. Only work gives the right to enjoyment (N. Dobrolyubov, literary critic).

3. In order to live honestly, one must strive to get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and again quit, and always struggle and lose. And calmness is spiritual meanness (L. Tolstoy, writer).

4. What is life? What is its meaning? What is the purpose? There is only one answer: in life itself (V. Veresaev, writer).

5. And the two wings behind my shoulders no longer shine at night (A. Tarkovsky, poet).

6. It takes a lot of courage to be born, live and die (A. McLean, English writer).

7. The meaning of life is not to satisfy your desires, but to have them (M. Zoshchenko, Russian writer).

8. If the main goal in life is not the number of years lived, but honor and dignity, then what difference does it make when to die (D. Oru EM, English writer).

9. There are no great talents without great will (O. Balzac, French writer).

10. To think and create, create and think - this is the basis of all wisdom (I. Goethe, German writer).

11. Man is born to live in convulsions of anxiety or lethargy of boredom (Voltaire, French writer). 12. A person who has chosen evil is, to a certain extent, better than the one who was forced to do Good (E. Burgess, English writer).

IV. Arguments

Self-realization of a person. Life as a struggle for happiness

1) Let's imagine that some kind wizard or some highly developed aliens decided to do good to humanity: they saved people from the need to work, entrusting all the work to smart machines. What would become then with us, with our age-old dream of an idle and cheerful life? Man would lose the joy of overcoming, and life would turn into a painful existence.

2) A tiny apple seed thrown into the ground will eventually grow a tree that will produce sweet, juicy fruits. So a person must realize the forces inherent in him by nature, sprout in order to please people with the fruits of his labors.

3) The life drama of Eugene Onegin, an extraordinary man, is caused precisely by the fact that "hard work was sick to him." Growing up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence "without tears, without life, without love."

4) The colonists of North America drove the indigenous inhabitants of the Indians into special settlements - reservations. White people wished the Indians well: they built dwellings for them, provided them with food and clothing. But a strange thing: the Indians, deprived of the need for their labor to get their own food, began to die out. Probably, work, danger, life's hardships are needed by a person as much as air, light and water.

5) Self-realization is one of the most important human needs. From the point of view of the philistine, who considers calm satiety to be the highest good, the Decembrists' act seems to be the height of madness, some kind of ridiculous eccentricity. After all, almost all of them come from wealthy families, they made their careers quite successfully, they were famous. But life contradicted their convictions, their ideals, and they exchanged luxury for the shackles of convicts for the sake of their goal.

6) Some travel companies in the USA offer their clients strange types of recreation: being in captivity, running from captivity. The calculation is correct, because people who are tired of boredom and dull everyday life are ready to pay a lot of money to find themselves in extreme conditions. A person needs difficulties, needs to fight hardships and dangers.

7) One talented inventor invented a container in which dishes did not break, invented special carts for transporting wood. But nobody was interested in his inventions. Then he started making counterfeit money. He was caught and sent to prison. It is bitter to realize that society has failed to create the conditions for this person to be able to realize his extraordinary talent.

8) Some scientists continue to argue that man did not descend from a monkey, but on the contrary, a monkey descended from humans, who, as a result of degradation, turned into animals.

10) The magazines talked about an interesting experiment of scientists: near a hole, FROM which threatening sounds were heard. They set up a cage with rats. The animals cautiously began to creep up to the mink, look into it, and then, having overcome their fear, climbed inside. What made the animals climb there? They had food! No physiological need can explain such "curiosity"! Consequently, the instinct of cognition is also inherent in animals. There is some kind of powerful force that makes us discover something new, expand the boundaries of what has already been known. An inextinguishable curiosity, an inexhaustible thirst for truth - these are the inherent qualities of all living things.

11) A shark, if it stops moving its fins, it will sink to the bottom like a stone, the bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. So a person, if aspirations, desires, goals fade away in him, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked in by a thick quagmire of gray everyday life.

12) A river that stops flowing turns into a fetid swamp. Likewise, a person who ceases to seek, think, strive, loses "beautiful impulses of souls," gradually degrades, his life becomes aimless, miserable vegetation.

13) It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into bad and good, but into those who change and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, tireless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction, this is, in Tolstoy's opinion, the most complete manifestation of humanity.

14) A. Chekhov in his works shows how smart, full of strength people gradually lose their "wings," how high feelings fade away in them, how they slowly sink into the swamp of everyday life. “Never give up!” - this call sounds in almost every work of the writer.

15) N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human SOUL. Portraying Plyushkin, who became "a hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader, who is entering adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.

16) The image of Oblomov is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

17) M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their lot. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the flophouse and ends there.

18) Newspapers told about a young man who became a cripple after surgery on the spine. He had a lot of free time, which he did not know what to spend. He confessed that the happiest moment in his life came when a friend asked him to rewrite his lecture notes. The patient realized that in such a situation people might need him. After that, he mastered the computer, began to place ads on the Internet, in which he was looking for sponsors for children in need of urgent surgery. Being forged to a wheelchair, he saved dozens of human lives.

19) Once in the Andes, there was a plane crash: a plane crashed into the gorge. Some of the passengers miraculously survived. But how do you live among eternal snows, far from human habitation.? Someone began to passively wait for help, someone became discouraged, preparing for death. But there were those who did not give up. They, falling into the snow, falling into the abyss, went in search of people. Wounded, barely alive, they still got out to the mountain village. Soon, rescuers rescued the survivors from the trouble.

21) Medieval knights performed numerous feats, hoping that the most worthy of them would see the holy grail. When the most worthy one was summoned to the temple so that he could see the sacred vessel, then the lucky one

experienced the most bitter disappointment in life: what to do then? Is it really the end of all searches, dangers, battles, are feats no longer needed?

22) Overcoming difficulties, intense struggle, relentless search - these are the necessary conditions for the formation of a person. Let us recall the well-known parable about the butterfly. One day a man saw a butterfly trying to get out through a small gap in a cocoon. He stood for a long time and watched the unsuccessful attempts of the unfortunate creature to get out into the light. The man's heart was filled with pity, and he parted the edges of the cocoon with a knife. A frail insect emerged outside, dragging its helpless wings with difficulty. The man did not know that the butterfly, tearing the shell of the cocoon, strengthens its wings, develops the necessary muscles. And he, with his pity, doomed her to certain death.

23) Some American billionaire, apparently Rockefeller, became decrepit, and it became harmful for him to worry. He always read the same newspaper. In order not to disturb the billionaire with various stock and other troubles, they released one special copy of the newspaper and put it on his table. Thus, life went on as usual, and the billionaire lived in another, illusory, world specially created for him.

False values

1) I. Bunin in the story "Mister from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

2) Newspapers talked about the fate of a successful manager who became interested in role-playing in a fight club. He was ordained a knight, given a new name, and the invented life captivated the young man so much that he forgot about work, about his family ... Now he has a different name, a different life, and he regrets only one thing, that it is impossible to leave the real forever life into the life that he invented for himself.

4) The name of a simple peasant girl Zhanna d'Arc is known to everyone today. For 75 years, France waged an unsuccessful war against the British invaders. Jeanne believed that she was destined to save France. The young peasant woman persuaded the king to give her a small detachment and was able to do what the smartest military leaders could not do: she set people on fire with her fierce faith. After years of shameful defeats, the French were finally able to defeat the invaders.

When you reflect on this truly wonderful event, you understand how important it is for a person to be guided by a great goal.

5) A little girl, practicing on a trapeze, fell and once hit her nose. The mother rushed to her daughter, but Ilya Repin stopped her to look at the blood flowing from her nose, to remember its color, the nature of the movement. The artist at this time worked on the canvas "Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan". This fact, which most people regard as a manifestation of heartlessness on the part of the father, speaks of the special nature of the artist. He selflessly serves art, its truth, and life becomes the material for his creations.

6) Few people know that during the filming of the famous film N. Mikhalkov "Burnt by the Sun", the weather turned bad, the temperature dropped to minus six. Meanwhile, according to the script, it should be a sultry summer. Actors who portrayed vacationers had to swim in icy water, lie on the cold ground. This example shows that art requires sacrifice from a person, complete dedication.

7) M. Gorky, while working on one of his novels, described the scene of the murder of a woman. Suddenly the writer screamed and fell unconscious. The doctors who arrived found the writer a wound in the very place where the heroine of his work was stabbed with a knife. This example shows that a true writer does not just invent events, but writes with the blood of his soul, he passes everything created through his heart.

8) The French writer G. Flaubert in his novel "Madame Bovary" told about the fate of a lonely woman who, being entangled in life contradictions, decided to poison herself. The writer himself felt the signs of poisoning and was forced to seek help. It was no accident that he later said: "Madame Bovary is me."

9) Fidelity to one's calling cannot but command respect. The People's Party member Nikolai Kibalchich was sentenced to death for an attempt on the life of the tsar. While awaiting death, he worked on a jet engine project. More than his own life, he was concerned about the fate of the invention. When they came for him to take him to the place of execution, Kibalchich gave the gendarme the drawings of the spacecraft and asked them to hand them over to the scientists. "It is touching that a person before a terrible execution has the strength to think about humanity!" - this is how K. Tsiolkovsky wrote about this spiritual feat.

10) The Italian poet and philosopher D. Bruno spent eight years in the dungeons of the Inquisition. They demanded from him that he renounce his convictions, and promised to save his life for this. But Bruno did not trade his truth, his faith.

11) When Socrates was born, his father turned to the oracle to find out how to raise his son. The oracle replied that the boy does not need either mentors or educators: he has already been chosen on a special path, and his spirit-genius will guide him. Later, Socrates admitted that he often heard a voice inside himself, which ordered him what to do, where to go, what to think about. This semi-legendary story expresses the belief in the chosenness of great people who are hailed by life for great achievements.

12) Doctor N.I. Pirogov, once observing the work of the sculptor, came to the idea of using a plaster cast in the treatment of patients. The use of a plaster cast has become a real discovery in surgery and has eased the suffering of many people. This case suggests that Pirogov was constantly absorbed in his thoughts about how to treat people.

13) “I was always amazed at Kirill Lavrov's immense hard work and patience,” director Vladimir Bortko recalls about the outstanding actor: “We had to shoot a 22-minute conversation between Yeshua and Pontius Pilate, such scenes are filmed for two weeks. On the set, Lavrov, an 80-year-old man, spent 16 hours wearing a 12 kg chest armor without a word of reproach to the crew. "

14) Scientific research requires selfless service.

The ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles said to his contemporaries: "Nothing is born out of nothing and does not disappear anywhere, one passes into another." People laughed at the madman's ravings. Then Empedocles, to prove his innocence, threw himself into the fire-breathing mouth of the volcano.

The philosopher's act made his fellow citizens think: maybe, in fact, through the lips of a madman, the truth was speaking, which is not even afraid of death. It is no coincidence that the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher became a source for scientific insights in later eras.

15) Michael Faraday once attended a lecture by the famous English chemist Davy. The young man was bewitched by the words of the scientist and decided to devote his life to scientific knowledge. To be able to communicate with him, Faraday decided to get a job as a servant in Davy's house.

1. Problems

1. Moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world

2. The role of personality in history
3. Human moral choice
4. Conflict between man and society

5. Man and nature

II... Approving theses

1. A person comes into this world not to say what he is, but to make it better.

2. It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil.

3. Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act, an accidental word can turn into the most unpredictable consequences.

4. Remember your High human responsibility!

III. Quotes

1. There is one undoubted sign dividing the actions of people into good and evil: increases the act of love and unity of people - it is good; he produces enmity and disunity - he is bad (L. Tolstoy, Russian writer).

2. The world itself is neither evil nor good, it is a receptacle for both, depending on what you yourself have turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher).

3. Yes - I'm in the rook. The spill won't touch me! But how can I live when my people are drowning? (Saadi, Persian writer and thinker)

4. It is easier to light one small candle than to curse the darkness (Confucius, ancient Chinese thinker).

6. Love - and do what you want (Augustine the Blessed, Christian thinker).

7. Life is a struggle for immortality (M. Prishvin, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

Have everyone in the hands fate the world

1) V. Soloukhin tells a parable about a boy who disobeyed an unknown voice and frightened off a butterfly. An unknown voice sadly announced what would happen next: the disturbed butterfly would fly away to the royal garden, the caterpillar from this butterfly would crawl around the sleeping queen's neck. The queen will get scared and die, and the power in the country will be seized by an insidious and cruel king, who will cause many troubles to people.

2) There is an ancient Slavic legend about the Virgin-Plague.

One day a peasant went to mow the grass. Suddenly, a terrible Virgo-Plague jumped on his shoulders. The man pleaded for mercy. The Plague Maiden agreed to pity him if he carried her on his shoulders. Where this creepy couple appeared, all people died: small children, and gray-haired old people, and beautiful girls, and stately guys.

This legend is addressed to each of us: what do you bring to the world - light or darkness, joy or sorrow, good or evil, life or death?

4) A. Kuprin wrote the story "The Wonderful Doctor" based on real events. A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story speaks volumes about the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

5) In a combat operation near Pervomaisk, the fighters, who were repelling the attack of the militants, rushed to the box with grenades. But when they opened it, they found that the grenades had no fuses. The packer at the factory forgot to put them in, and without them a grenade is just a piece of iron. Soldiers, suffering heavy losses, you were forced to retreat, and the militants broke through. The mistake of the nameless person turned into a terrible disaster.

6) Historians write that the Turks were able to capture Constantinople, passing through the gate, which someone forgot to close.

7) A terrible disaster in Asha occurred due to the fact that an excavator hooked a gas pipe with a bucket. In this place, many years later, a gap formed, the gas burst out, and then a real disaster struck: about a thousand people died in a terrible fire.

8) An American spacecraft crashed when an assembler dropped a screw into the Fuel Compartment.

9) Children began to disappear in one of the Siberian cities. Their mutilated bodies were found in different parts of the city. The police knocked down, looking for the killer. All the archives were brought up, but the one on whom the suspicions fell was at that time inseparable from the hospital. And then it turned out that he had already been discharged a long time ago, the nurse simply forgot to draw up the documents, and the killer calmly performed his bloody deed.

10) Moral irresponsibility turns into monstrous consequences. At the end of the 17th century, in one of the provincial American towns, two girls showed signs of a strange illness: they laughed for no reason, fought in convulsions. Someone timidly suggested that the witch had sent damage to the girls. The girls seized on this idea and began to call the names of respectable citizens, who were immediately thrown into prison and executed after a short trial. But the disease did not stop, and more and more convicts were sent to the chopping block. When it became clear to everyone that what was happening in the city was like a crazy dance of death, the girls were strictly interrogated. The patients admitted that they were just playing, they liked to be the center of attention from adults. But what about the innocently convicted? And the girls did not think about it.

11) The twentieth century is the first century of world wars in the history of mankind, the century of the creation of weapons of mass destruction. An incredible situation is developing: humanity can destroy itself. In Hiroshima, on the monument to the victims of the atomic bombing, it is written: "Sleep well, the mistake will not be repeated." To prevent this and many other mistakes from being repeated, the struggle for peace, the struggle against weapons of mass destruction, acquires a universal character.

12) Sown evil turns into new evil. In the Middle Ages, a legend appeared about the city, which was invaded by rats. The townspeople did not know where to get away from them. One man promised to rid the city of vile creatures if he was paid. The residents, of course, agreed. The rat-catcher began to play on the pipe, and the rats, enchanted by the sounds, followed him. The magician took them to the river, got into a boat, and the rats drowned. But the townspeople, having got rid of the misfortune, refused to pay the promised. Then the sorcerer took revenge on the city: he played the pipe again, children came running from all over the city, and he drowned them in the river.

The role of personality in history

1) "Notes of a Hunter" by I. Turgenev played a huge role in the social life of our country. After reading the bright, vivid stories about the peasants, people realized that it was immoral

to own people like cattle. A wide movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter lot of a soldier, made society look differently at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

3) The American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin", which told about the fate of a meek black man who was beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This romance shook the whole society, the Civil War broke out in the country, and the shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war.

4) During the Great Patriotic War, GF Flerov, using a short vacation, went to the scientific library. He drew attention to the fact that there are no publications on radioactivity in foreign journals. This means that these works are classified. He immediately wrote a disturbing letter to the government. Immediately after that, all nuclear scientists were summoned from the front and active work began on the creation of the atomic bomb, which in the future helped to stop possible aggression against our country.

6) It is unlikely that King Edward III of England fully understood what his audacity would lead to: on the state emblem he depicted gentle lilies. Thus, the English king showed that from now on, neighboring France was also subject to him. This drawing of a power-hungry monarch became the pretext for the Hundred Years War, which brought countless calamities to the people.

7) "A holy place is never empty!" - this proverb expresses the idea that there are no irreplaceable people with offensive frivolity. However, the history of mankind proves that a lot depends not only on circumstances, but also on the personal qualities of a person, on his belief in his righteousness, on his adherence to his principles. The name of the English educator R. Owen is known to everyone. By taking over the management of the factory, he created favorable conditions for the life of the workers. He built comfortable houses, hired scavengers to clean the territory, opened libraries, reading rooms, a Sunday school, a nursery, and reduced the working day from 14 to 10 hours. For several years, the inhabitants of the town were literally reborn: they mastered literacy, drunkenness disappeared, and hostility ceased. It would seem that the centuries-old dream of people about an ideal society has come true. Owen has many successors. But, deprived of his fiery faith, they could not successfully repeat the experience of the great reformer.

Human and nature

1) Why did it happen that in Ancient Rome there were too many destitute, poor “proletarians”? After all, riches flocked to Rome from all over the ecumene, and the local nobility bathed in luxury and went mad with excesses.

Two factors played an important role in the impoverishment of the metropolitan land: the destruction of forests and the depletion of soils. As a result, rivers were shallowing, the level of groundwater dropped, land erosion developed, and yields decreased. And this - with a more or less constant population growth. The ecological crisis, as we now say, has become more severe.

2) Beavers build amazing dwellings for posterity, but their activity never turns into the destruction of that biomass, without which they will end. Before our very eyes, man continues the fateful work that he began thousands of years ago: in the name of the needs of his production, he destroyed forests filled with life, dehydrated and turned entire continents into deserts. After all, the Sahara and Kara Kumy are obvious evidence of human criminal activity, which continues to this day. Isn't the pollution of the oceans evidence of this? A person deprives himself in the near future of the last necessary food resources.

3) In ancient times, man was clearly aware of his connection with nature, our primitive ancestors deified animals, believed that it was they who protect people from evil spirits, bestow good luck on the hunt. So, for example, the Egyptians respected cats, the death penalty was imposed for the killing of this sacred animal. And in India even now, a cow, confident that a person will never harm her, can calmly go into a vegetable store and eat whatever she wants. The shopkeeper would never chase away this sacred guest. To many, such reverence for animals will seem ridiculous superstition, but in fact it expresses a sense of a deep, blood relationship with nature. A feeling that has become the foundation of human morality. But, unfortunately, today many have lost it.

4) Often, it is nature that gives people lessons of kindness. The famous scientist recalled an incident that was engraved in his memory for a long time. One day, while walking with his wife in the forest, he saw a chick lying in the bushes. Near him some large bird with bright plumage dashed anxiously. People saw a hollow in an old pine tree and put a chick there. After that, for several years, a grateful bird, meeting its chick in the forest of saviors, happily circled over their heads. Reading this touching story, you wonder if we always show such sincere gratitude to those who helped us in difficult times.

5) In Russian folk tales, the selflessness of a person is often glorified. Emelya was not going to catch a pike - she herself fell into his bucket. The wanderer will see the fallen chick - he will put it in the nest, the bird will fall into the trap - he will free it, throw the fish on the shore in a wave - he will release it back into the water. Not to seek benefits, not to destroy, but to help, save, protect - this is what the folk wisdom teaches.

6) The tornadoes that have broken out over the American continent have brought countless disasters to people. What caused these natural disasters? Scientists are increasingly inclined to believe that this is the result of a rash human activity, who often ignores the laws of nature, believes that it is designed to serve his interests. But for such a consumer attitude of a person, a cruel retribution awaits.

7) Human intervention in the complex life of nature can lead to unpredictable consequences. One famous scientist decided to bring deer to his region. However, the animals could not adapt to the new conditions and soon died. But the ticks that lived in the skin of deer settled down, flooded forests and meadows and became a real disaster for the rest of the inhabitants.

8) Global warming, which is being talked about more and more persistently lately, is fraught with catastrophic consequences. But not everyone thinks that this problem is a direct consequence of the life of a person who, in the pursuit of profit, violates the stable balance of natural cycles. It is no coincidence that scientists are talking more and more about the reasonable self-limitation of needs, about the fact that not profit, but the preservation of life should become the main goal of human activity.

9) Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in his "Star Diaries" described the history of space tramps who ravaged their planet, dug all the bowels with mines, sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. The retribution for such blindness was terrible, but just. The fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the ground began to crumble under their feet. This story is a formidable warning to all humanity, which is predatory robbing nature.

10) One by one, whole species of animals, birds, plants disappear on the earth. Rivers, lakes, steppes, meadows, even seas are ruined.

In dealing with nature, a person is like a savage who, in order to get a mug of milk, kills a cow and cuts her udder open instead of feeding, grooming and receiving the same bucket of milk every day.

11) Recently, some Western experts have proposed dumping radioactive waste into the depths of the ocean, believing that there they will be forever mothballed. But the work carried out by oceanologists in a timely manner showed that active vertical mixing of water covers the entire thickness of the ocean. This means that radioactive waste will certainly spread throughout the entire World Ocean and, consequently, infect the atmosphere. To what incalculable harmful consequences this would lead, it is clear and without any additional examples.

12) There is a small Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, where foreign companies mine phosphates. People cut down tropical forests, excavators cut the topsoil and take out valuable raw materials. The island, once covered with lush greenery, has become a dead desert with bare rocks sticking out like rotten teeth. When the tractors have scraped off the last kilogram of fertilized soil. The people on this island will have nothing to do. Perhaps the sad fate of this piece of land in the middle of the ocean reflects the fate of the Earth, surrounded by the endless ocean of space? Maybe people who have barbarously plundered their home planet will have to look for a new refuge?

13) The mouth of the Danube is abundant in fish. But not only people catch fish - cormorants also hunt for it. For this reason, cormorants, of course, are "harmful" birds, and it was decided to destroy them at the mouth of the Danube in order to increase catches. Destroyed ... And then it was necessary to artificially restore the population of "harmful" birds - predators in Scandinavia and "harmful" cormorants at the mouth of the Danube, because mass epizootics began in these areas (infectious diseases of animals exceeding the level of usual morbidity), which killed a huge number of birds, and fish.

After that, with a considerable delay, it was found that the "pests" feed mainly on sick animals and thereby prevent massive infectious diseases ...

This example once again testifies to how intricately everything is intertwined in the world around us and how cautiously it is necessary to approach the solution of natural problems.

14) Seeing a worm washed out by the rain on the sidewalk, Dr. Schweitzer put it back in the grass, and took the insect floundering in a puddle out of the water. "When I help an insect to get out of trouble, I am trying to atone for some of the guilt of humanity for the crimes it has committed against animals." For the same reasons, Schweitzer advocated for the protection of animals. In an essay written in 1935, he called for "being kind to animals for the same reasons that we are kind to people."

1. Problems

1. The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society

2. The impact of art on the spiritual formation of a person
3. The educational function of art

II... Approving theses

Genuine art ennobles man.
Art teaches a person to love life.

3. To bring to people the light of lofty truths, "pure teachings of good and truth" - this is the meaning of true art.

4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect his feelings and thoughts to another person.

III. Quotes

1. Without Chekhov, we would have been many times poorer in spirit and heart (K. Paustovsky. Russian writer).

2. The entire life of mankind has consistently settled in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer).

3. Conscientiousness - this is the feeling that literature must excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer).

4. Art is called upon to preserve the human in man (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer).

5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer).

6. Good book- just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer).

7. Art creates good people, forms the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer).

8. They went into darkness, but their trail did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer).

9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and painter).

10. The purpose of art is to condense the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher).

11. There is no career as a poet, there is the fate of a poet (S. Marshak, Russian writer).

12. The essence of literature is not in fiction, but in the need to say the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher).

13. The artist's business is to give birth to joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

1) Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that Bach's works increase and develop intelligence. Beethoven's music arouses compassion, purifies a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

2) Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such a case. Once she received a letter from an unknown woman who told that she was left alone, she did not want to live. But after watching the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears,” she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people are smiling and that they are not so bad as it seemed to me all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining ... I recovered, for which many thanks to you. "

3) Many front-line soldiers talk about how the soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from the front-line newspaper, where chapters from the poem by A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that the words of encouragement were sometimes more important to the soldiers than food.

4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael's painting "The Sistine Madonna", said that the hour he spent in front of her belongs to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this painting was born in a moment of miracle.

5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. Once he missed the train and stayed overnight at the station square with the street children. They saw a book in his bag and asked her to read it. Nosov agreed, and the guys, deprived of parental warmth, holding their breath, began to listen to the story about a lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter homeless life with their fate.

6) When the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.

7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved connected with the stage history of "The Minor". They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the idler Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons of the fatherland.

8) For a long time, a gang operated in Moscow, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were arrested, they confessed that the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day, had a huge impact on their behavior, on their attitude to the world. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.

9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical person exactly as it is depicted in a work of art. Even tyrants were in awe of this truly royal power of the artist. Here's an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the Medici order and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medici expressed displeasure at the lack of similarity with the portrait, Michelangelo said: "Do not worry, Your Holiness, in a hundred years will be like you."

10) In childhood, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas "The Three Musketeers". Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d'Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their adversary, - the personification of cunning and cruelty. But the image of the villain of the novel bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced the words "French", "homeland", which were almost forgotten during the religious wars. He forbade duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the pen of the novelist, Richelieu acquired a different look with everything, and Dumas's invention affects the reader much stronger and brighter than historical truth.

11) V. Soloukhin related such a case. Two intellectuals argued what kind of snow can be. One says that there is also blue, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of the impressionists, decadents, that snow is snow, white as ... snow.

Repin lived in the same house. Let's go to him to resolve the dispute.

Repin: he didn't like being interrupted from work. He angrily shouted:

Well, what do you want?

What kind of snow is there?

Not white! - and slammed the door.

12) People believed in the truly magical power of art.

Thus, some cultural figures suggested that the French during the First World War defend Verdun - their strongest fortress - not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. "Put the" La Gioconda "or" Madonna and Child with St. Anne ", the great Leonardo da Vinci in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot! - they argued.

1. Problems

1.Education and culture

2. Raising a person
3. The role of science in modern life
4. Man and scientific progress
5. Spiritual implications of scientific discoveries
6. The struggle between the new and the old as a source of development

II... Approving theses

Cognition of the world can not be stopped by anything.

2. Scientific progress should not outstrip the moral capabilities of man.

The goal of science is to make people happy.

III... Quotes

1. We can as much as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher).

Not every change is development (ancient philosophers).

7. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist).

8. We left the caves, but the cave did not come out of us yet (A. Regulsky).

IV. Arguments

Scientific progress and moral qualities of a person

1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slips over his eyes ... Does this picture resemble a modern person? Not able to morally grow up, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.

2) Humanity has achieved tremendous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom ... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more alarming the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver who is racing at a breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to know that a mighty motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Humanity is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is hidden there, around the bend.

3) In ancient mythology, there is a legend about Pandora's box.

The woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

b) "We got on the plane, but we don't know where it will arrive!" - wrote the famous Russian writer Yu. Bondarev. These words sound a warning to all of humanity. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something “get on the plane” without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal.

8) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be conquered completely. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy, on the contrary, anxiety increased. How will this immortality turn out for a person?

9) There is still debate about how legitimate from a moral point of view experiments related to human cloning. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What kind of creature will it be? Human? Cyborg? A means of production?

10) It is naive to believe that some kind of prohibitions, strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who in despair broke cars. The people could be understood: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances provided increased productivity, so the performance of the followers of Ludd's apprentice was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they made society think about the fate of specific people, about the penalties that have to be paid for moving forward.

11) In one science fiction story, it is said about how the hero, finding himself in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his twin, a genetic copy, was alcoholized. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: "How could you create a creature similar to yourself, and then kill him?" And they heard in response: “Why do you think that I created him? He created me! "

12) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish data on his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people’s ideas about the world order. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences.

13) Today we have not yet learned how to cure many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and acute problems have not been resolved. Technically, however, man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs?

14) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion by radio over a long distance, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nikolai II, all documents were seized and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the king was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transferring power

an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be truly disastrous for the world's population.

15) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the building of the district administration collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents perceived these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a formidable warning that society has chosen the wrong path.

16) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church, so that it would be easier to mine marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab had cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction.

The laws of social development.

Man and power

1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to force a person to be happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. The peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the right time, children should be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study ... And the person deprived of freedom, turned into a slave, revolted: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed.

2) They decided to help one African tribe who lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to beg for rice, they were brought in tractors and seeders. A year has passed - we came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. Imagine the disappointment when they saw that the tribe lived and lives in a primitive communal system: they sold the tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they organized a national holiday.

This example is an eloquent testimony to the fact that a person must mature to understand his needs; one cannot make anyone rich, smart and happy by force.

3) In one kingdom, there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to the soothsayer who came to them from distant lands. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a foreigner was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers began.

4) The historian E. Tarle in one of his books tells about the visit of Nicholas I to Moscow University. When the rector introduced the best students to him, Nicholas 1 said: “I don’t need clever people, but I need novices.” The attitude towards clever people and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the nature of society.

6) In 1848 the petty bourgeois Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the distant settlement of Baikonur "for seditious speeches about the flight to the moon." Of course, no one could have known that a century later, on this very place, in the Kazakh steppe, a cosmodrome would be built and the spaceships would fly where the prophetic eyes of the enthusiastic dreamer looked.

Man and cognition

1) Ancient historians tell that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought a gift shiny like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he mines this metal from clay soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.

2) Archimedes, knowing that man suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to its opening, the yield has increased sharply, people have ceased to be afraid of hunger.

3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died of blood poisoning.

4) An English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons."

5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: "It cannot be, because I already had cowpox." The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to an ingenious discovery.

6) The early Middle Ages are usually called "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among the commoners, but also among the people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in humans. The same Charlemagne, during the campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, the prospector wrote letters.

7) For millennia, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at the familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover the universal law of motion.

8) It is impossible to calculate how many misfortunes have brought people to their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, no harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the intrigues of evil spirits. A fierce witch-hunt began, and bonfires burned. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.

9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. There is a curious legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once talking with a stranger young man, Socrates asked him where to go to get flour and butter. Young Xenophon replied briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: "What about wisdom and virtue?" The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" - promised Socrates. And he connected the long-term path to truth with a strong friendship between the famous teacher and his student.

10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and physics, giving only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.

11) New ideas make their way in a difficult struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, lectured students in physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an annoying scientific misunderstanding" -

12) At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery soon ran out, and the new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be supplanted by an electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed the horse than to change the zinc in the battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to contemplate the opportunities that will open before a person.

13) In the middle of the 17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clieu was carrying a stalk of coffee in a pot of earth. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm nearly smashed it on the rocks. The masts were not broken for the trial, the tackle was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely keeping his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his soul the sprout of a still unknown discovery, watering it with moisture of hope and inspiration, sheltering it from everyday storms and storms of despair ... And here it is - the saving shore of the final enlightenment. A ripe tree of truth will give seeds, and whole plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.

1. Problems

1. Historical memory
2. Attitude towards cultural heritage

3. The role of cultural traditions in moral formation

human

4. Fathers and children

II... Approving theses

There is no future without the past.

2. A people deprived of historical memory turns into dust carried by the wind of time.

3. Penny idols should not replace real heroes who sacrificed themselves for the sake of their people.

III... Quotes

1. The past is not dead. It didn't even pass (In Faulkner, American writer).

2. Those who do not remember their past are doomed to relive it again (D. Santayana. American philosopher).

3. Remember those who were, without whom you would not be (V. Talnikov, Russian writer).

4. A nation dies when it becomes a population. And he becomes a population when he forgets his history (F. Abramov, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

1) Let's imagine people who start building a house in the morning, and the next day, without finishing what they have begun, they start building a new house. Such a picture can cause nothing but bewilderment. But this is exactly what people do, who reject the experience of their ancestors and, as it were, begin to build their "house" anew.

2) A person who looks into the distance from a mountain can see more. Likewise, a person who relies on the experience of his predecessors sees much further, and his path to truth becomes shorter.

3) When the people mock their ancestors, their worldview, their philosophy, customs, they are to the same fate

prepares himself. Descendants will grow up, and they will laugh at their fathers. But progress does not consist in denying the old, but in creating the new.

4) The haughty lackey Yasha from the play by A. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard" does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness.

5) Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "Storm Stop" tells the legend about the mankurt. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of their memory. One of them kills his mother, who was trying to wrest her son out of captivity. And her desperate cry resounds over the steppe: "Remember your name!"

6) Bazarov, who scornfully refers to the "old people", denies their moral principles, dies from a trifle scratch. And this dramatic finale shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the "soil", from the traditions of their people.

7) One science fiction story tells about the fate of people who fly in a huge spaceship. They fly for many years, and the new generation does not know where the ship is flying, where the final destination of their centuries-old journey is. People are seized with excruciating anguish, their lives are devoid of singing. This story is a disturbing reminder to all of us about how dangerous the gap between generations is, how dangerous the loss of memory is.

8) The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

9) The ancient Persians forbade enslaved peoples to teach their children to read and write and music. This was the most terrible punishment, because living threads were torn with the past, the national culture was destroyed.

10) At one time, the futurists put forward the slogan "Throw Pushkin off the ship of our time." But it is not possible to create in emptiness. It is no coincidence that in the work of the mature Mayakovsky, there is a living connection with the traditions of Russian classical poetry.

11) During the Great Patriotic War, the film "Alexander Nevsky" was shot so that the Soviet people would have spiritual sons, a sense of unity with the "heroes" of the past.

12) The outstanding physicist M. Curie refused to patent her discovery, declared that it belongs to all of humanity. She said that she could not have discovered radioactivity without her great predecessors.

13) Tsar Peter 1 knew how to look far ahead, knowing that future generations would reap the fruits of his efforts. Once Peter, planting acorns. noticed. as one of the nobles who were present, smiled skeptically. The angry king said: “I understand! Do you think that I will not live to see the hardened oaks. Truth! But you are a fool; I leave an example for others to do the same, and the descendants eventually build ships from them. I am not working for myself, it will be good for the state in the future. "

14) When parents do not understand the aspirations of their children, do not understand their life goals, then this often leads to an insoluble conflict. Anna Korvin-Krukovskaya, sister of the famous mathematician S. Kovalevskaya, was successfully engaged in literary work in her youth. One day she received a favorable review from FM Dostoevsky, who offered her to collaborate in his magazine. When Anna's father found out that his unmarried daughter was in correspondence with a man, he was furious.

"Today you sell your stories, and then you start selling yourself!" - he snapped at the girl.

15) The Great Patriotic War will forever trouble the heart of every person with a bleeding wound. The siege of Lenin Grad, in which hundreds of thousands of people died of hunger and cold, became one of the most dramatic pages of our history. An elderly resident of Germany, feeling the guilt of her people before the dead, left a will to transfer her monetary inheritance to the needs of the Piskarevsky Memorial Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

16) Very often children are ashamed of their parents, who seem to them ridiculous, outdated, backward. Once a wandering jester, in front of a cheering crowd, began to ridicule the young ruler of a small Italian town because his mother was a simple washerwoman. And what did the angry senor do? He ordered to kill his mother! Of course, such an act of a young monster will cause natural indignation in every normal person. But let's look inward: how often did we feel awkward, annoyed, and annoyed when our parents allowed themselves to voice their opinions in front of our peers?

17) It is not without reason that I am called the best judge. The Athenians, not understanding the greatness of the truths discovered by Socrates, condemned him to death. But very little time passed, and people realized that they had killed a person who stood above them in spiritual development. The judges who passed the death sentence were expelled from the city, and a bronze monument was erected to the philosopher. And now the name of Socrates has become the embodiment of man's restless striving for truth, for knowledge.

18) One of the newspapers wrote an article about a single woman who, desperate to find a decent job, began to feed her nursing son with special medicines. to cause him epilepsy. Then she would have been assigned a pension for caring for a sick child.

19) Once one sailor, who was bothering the whole crew with his playful tricks, was washed away by a wave into the sea. He was surrounded by a school of sharks. The ship quickly left to the side, there was nowhere to wait for help. Then the seaman, a convinced atheist, remembered a picture from childhood: his grandmother was praying at the icon. He began to repeat her words, calling out to God. A miracle happened: the sharks did not touch him, and four hours later, noticing the loss of the sailor, the ship returned for him. After the voyage, the sailor asked the old woman for forgiveness for making fun of her faith as a child.

20) The eldest son of Tsar Alexander II was bedridden and was already dying. The Empress visited the Grand Duke every day after the obligatory stroll in a carriage. But one day Nikolai Alexandrovich felt worse and decided to rest during the hours of his mother's usual visit to him. As a result, they did not see each other for several days, and Maria Alexandrovna shared with one and the maid of honor her annoyance at this circumstance. "Why don't you go at another hour?" - she was surprised. "No. This is inconvenient for me, ”the empress replied, unable to break the established order even when it came to the life of her beloved son.

21) When in 1712 Tsarevich Alexei returned from abroad, where he spent about three years, Father Peter 1 asked him if he had forgotten what he had studied, and immediately ordered them to bring the drawings. Alexei, fearing that his father would force him to draw a drawing in his presence, decided to evade the exam in the most cowardly way. He "intended to spoil his right hand" with a shot in the palm. He did not have enough determination to seriously fulfill his intention, and the matter was limited to a burn of his hand. The simulation still saved the prince from the exam.

22) A Persian legend tells of an arrogant sultan, who during a hunt was absent from his servants and, getting lost, came across a shepherd's hut. Thirsty, he asked for a drink. The shepherd poured water into a jug and gave it to the lord. But the sultan, seeing a nondescript vessel, knocked it out of the hands of the shepherd and angrily exclaimed:

I have never drunk from such vile jugs - The broken vessel said:

Ah, the sultan! In vain do you abhor me! I am your great-grandfather, and I was once, like you, a sultan. When I died, I was buried in a magnificent tomb, but time turned me to dust, which mixed with clay. The potter dug up that clay and made many pots and vessels out of it. Therefore, sir, do not despise the simple land from which you originated and into which you will someday become.

23) There is a tiny piece of land in the Pacific Ocean - Easter Island. On this island there are Cyclopean stone sculptures that have long fascinated the minds of scientists around the world. Why did people build these huge statues? How did the islanders manage to lift multi-ton boulders? But local residents (and there are just over 2 thousand of them left) do not know the answers to these questions: the thread connecting generations has been interrupted, the experience of ancestors has been irretrievably lost, and only silent stone colossus remind of the great achievements of the past.

1. Problems

1. Moral qualities of a person
2. Honor and dignity as the highest human values
3. Conflict between man and society
4. Human and social environment
5. Interpersonal relationships
6. Fear in a person's life

P. Approving theses

A person must always remain a person.
A person can be killed, but honor cannot be taken away from him.
You need to believe in yourself and remain yourself.

4. The character of a slave is determined by the social environment, and a strong personality itself influences the world around him.

PI. Quotes

1. It takes a lot of courage to be born, live and die (English writer).

2. If you are given lined paper, write across (JR Jimenez, Spanish writer).

3. There is no destiny that would not be overcome by contempt (A. Camus, French writer and philosopher).

4. Go forward and never die (W. Tennyson, English poet).

5. If the main goal in life is not the number of years lived, but honor and dignity, then what difference does it make when to die (D. Orwell, English writer).

6. A person is created by his resistance to the environment (M. Gorky, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

Honor is dishonor. Loyalty is betrayal

1) The poet John Brown received the Enlightenment project from the Russian Empress Catherine, but he could not come because he fell ill. However, he had already received money from her, therefore, saving his honor, he committed suicide.

2) The fused figure of the Great French Revolution, Jean-Paul Marat, who was called the "Friend of the People", from childhood was distinguished by a heightened sense of his own dignity. One day a home teacher hit him in the face with a pointer. Marat, who was then 11 years old, refused to accept my food. Parents, angry at their son's stubbornness, locked him in a room. Then the boy broke the window and jumped out into the street, the adults surrendered, but Marat's face was left with a glass cut scar for life. This scar has become a kind of sign of the struggle for human dignity, because the right to be oneself, the right to be free is not given to a person from the outset, but is won by him in opposition to tyranny and obscurantism.

2) During World War II, the Germans persuaded a criminal to play the role of a famous Resistance hero for a large monetary reward. They put him in a cell with the arrested underground workers, so that he would learn from them all the necessary information. But the criminal, feeling the care of strangers, their respect and love, suddenly abandoned the pitiful role of an informer, did not give out the information he had heard from the underground and was shot.

3) During the Titanic disaster, Baron Guggenheim gave up his place in the boat to a woman with a child, and he himself carefully shaved and accepted death with dignity.

4) During the Crimean War, a certain brigade commander (minimum - colonel, maximum - general) promised to give half of what he "saves" from the sums allocated to his brigade as a dowry for his daughter. Covetousness, theft, betrayal in the army led to the fact that, despite the heroism of the soldiers, the country suffered a shameful defeat.

5) One of the prisoners of the Stalinist camps in his memoirs told the following incident. The guards, wanting to have fun, forced the prisoners to do squats. Entangled by beatings and hunger, people began to obediently carry out this ridiculous order. But there was one person who, despite the threats, refused to obey. And this act reminded everyone that a person has an honor that no one can take away.

6) Historians report that after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne, some officers who swore allegiance to the sovereign committed suicide, since they considered it dishonorable to serve someone else.

7) The outstanding Russian naval commander, Admiral Nakhimov, was sent the news of the high award in the most difficult days of the defense of Sevastopol. Upon learning of this, Nakhimov said irritably: "It would be better if they sent me cannonballs and gunpowder for cannons!"

8) The Swedes, who besieged Poltava, invited the townspeople to surrender. The situation of the besieged was desperate: there was no gunpowder, no cannonballs, no bullets, no strength to fight. But the people gathered in the square decided to stand to the end. Fortunately, the Russian army soon approached, and the Swedes had to lift the siege.

9) B. Zhitkov in one of his stories depicts a man who was very afraid of cemeteries. One day a little girl got lost and asked to take her home. The road led past the cemetery. The man asked the girl: "Aren't you afraid of the dead?" "I'm not afraid of anything with you!" - answered the girl, and these words made the man gather his courage and overcome the feeling of fear.

A defective combat grenade almost exploded in the hands of a young soldier. Seeing that the irreparable would happen in a few seconds, Dmitry kicked a grenade out of the soldier's hands with his foot, covered him with himself. Risking is not the right word. The grenade exploded very close. And the officer has a wife and a one-year-old daughter.

11) During the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander 11, a bomb explosion damaged the carriage. The coachman begged the sovereign not to leave her and rather go to the palace. But the emperor could not leave the bleeding guards, so he got out of the carriage. At this time, the second explosion thundered, and Alexander -2 was mortally wounded.

12) Betrayal at all times was considered a heinous act that disgraces the honor of a person. So, for example, the provocateur who betrayed the members of the Petrashevsky circle to the police (among those arrested was the great writer F. Dostoevsky), they promised to arrange him for a well-paid job as a reward. But, despite the diligent efforts of the police, all the St. Petersburg clerks refused the services of a traitor.

13) English athlete Crowhurst decided to take part in the solo yacht race around the world. He had neither the experience nor the skill required for such a competition, but he urgently needed money to pay off his debts. The athlete decided to outwit everyone, he decided to wait out the main time of the races, and then at the right time to appear on the track in order to finish before the others. When, it seemed, the plan succeeded, the yachtsman realized that he could not live by violating the laws of honor, and he committed suicide.

14) There is a species of birds in which males have a short and hard beak, and females have a long and curved beak. It turns out that these birds live in pairs and always help each other: the male breaks through the bark, and the female looks for larvae with the help of her beak. This example shows that even in the wild, many creatures form a harmonious unity. Moreover, people have such lofty concepts as loyalty, love, friendship - these are not just abstractions invented by naive romantics, but real-life feelings conditioned by life itself.

15) One traveler said that the Eskimos gave him a large bundle of dried fish. Hurrying to the ship, he forgot her in the plague. Returning six months later, he found this bundle in the same place. The traveler learned that the tribe had gone through a hard winter, people were starving, but no one dared to touch someone else's, fearing to incur the wrath of higher powers on themselves by a dishonorable act.

16) When the Aleuts divide the spoils, they are careful to ensure that everyone gets the same amount. But if one of the hunters is greedy and demands more for himself, then they do not argue with him, they do not swear: everyone gives him their share and silently leaves. The wrangler gets everything, but, having received a bunch of meat, he realizes that he has lost the respect of his fellow tribesmen. and hurries to beg their forgiveness.

17) The ancient Babylonians, wanting to punish the guilty person, lashed his clothes with a whip. But this did not make it easier for the criminal: he kept the body, but the dishonored soul was bleeding.

18) The English navigator, scientist and poet Walter Raleigh fought fiercely with Spain all his life. The enemies have not forgotten this. When the belligerent countries began long negotiations for peace, the Spaniards demanded that Raleigh be given to them. The English king decided to sacrifice a brave navigator, justifying his betrayal by concern for the welfare of the state.

19) The Parisians during the Second World War found a very effective way to fight the Nazis. When an enemy officer entered a tram or a subway car, then everyone left in unison. The Germans, seeing such a tacit protest, understood that they were opposed not by a pitiful handful of dissenters, but by a whole people, united by hatred of the invaders.

20) Czech hockey player M. Nova, as the best player in the team, was presented with the latest model of Toyota. He asked to pay him the cost of the car and divided the money among all the members of the team.

21) The famous revolutionary G. Kotovsky was sentenced to death by hanging for robbery. The fate of this not an ordinary person worried the writer A. Fedorov, who began to petition for a pardon for the robber. He achieved the release of Kotovsky, and he solemnly promised the writer to repay him in kind. A few years later, when Kotovsky became a red commander, this writer came to him and asked to save his son, who was captured by the Chekists. Kotovsky, risking his life, rescue the young man from captivity.

Role of example. Raising a person

1) An example also plays an important educational role in the life of animals. It turns out that not all cats catch mice, although this reaction is considered instinctive. Scientists have found that kittens need to see how adult cats do it before they start catching mice. Kittens raised with mice rarely become their killers later.

2) The world famous rich man Rockefeller showed the qualities of an entrepreneur already in childhood. He divided the sweets bought by his mother into three parts and sold them to his little sweet-tooth sisters at a surcharge.

3) Many people tend to blame unfavorable conditions for everything: family, friends, lifestyle, rulers. But it is precisely the struggle, the overcoming of difficulties that is the most important condition for a full-fledged spiritual formation. It is no coincidence that in folk tales, the true biography of the hero begins only when he passes the test (he fights a monster, saves a stolen bride, gets a magic item).

4) I. Newton studied at school mediocre. Once he was offended by a classmate who bore the title of first student. And Newton decided to take revenge on him. He began to study so that the title of the best went to him. The habit of achieving a set goal has become the main feature of the great scientist.

5) Tsar Nicholas I hired the outstanding Russian poet V. Zhukovsky to educate his son Alexander II. When the future tutor of the prince presented the plan of education, his father ordered to throw out from this plan the studies of Latin and the ancient Greek language, which he himself had tortured in childhood. He did not want his son to waste time on meaningless cramming.

6) General Denikin recalled how, as a company commander, he tried to introduce into relations with soldiers based not on "blind" obedience to the commander, but on conscientiousness, understanding of the order, while trying to avoid harsh punishments. However, alas, the company soon found itself among the worst. Then, according to Denikin's recollections, Feldwebel Stepura intervened. He built a company, raised his huge fist and, going around the line, began to repeat: "This is not Captain Denikin for you!"

7) The blue shark bears over fifty cubs. But already in the womb, a merciless struggle for survival begins between them, because there is not enough food for everyone. Only two are born - these are the strongest, the most pitiful predators who snatched their right to exist in a bloody duel.

The world in which there is no love, in which the fittest survives, is the world of ruthless predators, the world of silent, cold sharks.

8) The teacher who taught the future scientist Fleming often took her students to the river, where the children found something interesting, enthusiastically discussed the next find. When the inspector came to check how well the children were teaching, the students and the teacher hurriedly climbed into the classroom through the window and pretended to be enthusiastically engaged in science. The exam was always passed well, and no one knew. that children learn not only from books, but also in the course of live communication with nature.

9) The formation of the outstanding Russian commander Alexander Suvorov was greatly influenced by two examples: Alexander the Great and Alexander Nevsky. His mother told him about them, who said that the main strength of a person is not in his hands, but in his head. In an effort to imitate these Alexandras, the fragile, sickly boy grew up and became a wonderful military leader.

10) Imagine that you are sailing on a ship that was overtaken by a terrible storm. Roaring waves rise to the sky. The wind rips off the scraps of foam with a howl. Lightning breaks through lead-black clouds and sinks into the abyss of the sea. The crew of the unfortunate ship is already tired of fighting the storm, in the pitch darkness you can't see your native shore, no one knows what to do, where to sail. But suddenly, through the impenetrable night, a bright beam of a lighthouse flares up, which indicates the way. Hope illuminates the eyes of the sailors with a joyful light, they believed in their salvation.

Great figures became for humanity something like beacons: their names, like guiding stars, showed the way to people. Mikhail Lomonosov, Zhanna d'Arc, Alexander Suvorov, Nikolai Vavilov, Lev Tolstoy - all of them became living examples of selfless devotion to their cause and gave people confidence in their strength.

11) Childhood is like soil into which seeds fall. They are tiny, you can't see them, but they are. Then they start to sprout. The biography of the human soul, the human heart is the germination of seeds, their development into strong, large plants. Some become pure and bright flowers, some become ears of bread, some become evil thistles.

12) They say that a young man came to Shakespeare and asked:

I want to become like you. What do I need to do to become Shakespeare?

I wanted to become a god, but I became only Shakespeare. Who will you be if you want to be just me? - the great playwright answered him.

13) Science knows many cases when a child abducted by wolves, bears or monkeys was brought up: for several years away from people. Then he was caught and returned to human society. In all these cases, a person who grew up among animals became a beast, losing almost all human characteristics. Children could not learn human speech, they walked on all fours, that their ability to walk upright disappeared, they barely learned to stand on two legs, children lived about the same age as the animals that raised them live on average ...

What does this example mean? That the child needs to be brought up every day, every hour, purposefully manage his development. The fact that outside of society, a human child turns into an animal.

14) Scientists have long been talking about the so-called pyramid of abilities. At an early age, there are almost no non-talented children; there are already significantly fewer of them in school, and even less in universities, although they go there by competition; in adulthood, there remains a very insignificant percentage of truly talented people. It has been calculated, in particular, that only three percent of those engaged in scientific work actually move science forward. In socio-biological terms, the loss of talent with age is explained by the fact that a person needs the greatest abilities during the period of mastering the basics of life and self-affirmation in it, that is, in the early years; then in thinking and behavior, acquired skills, stereotypes, learned, firmly deposited in the brain knowledge, etc., begin to prevail. people, in general - to the world.

» Arguments for EGE compositions- large collection

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A HUMAN LIFE PATH

IN PHILOSOPHY

S.A. Ermakov

Despite the fact that the problem of choosing a person's life path was already posed in ancient philosophy and received its further consideration in patristic thought, it is still insufficiently studied in the scientific literature. Concerning this side of the issue, L.N. Kogan rightly noted: “There are many works devoted to the moral choice or the choice of a profession. But these are special cases of the situation of choice in which every person is found every day, every hour. He continuously chooses one of the alternatives that arise in life, makes this or that decision, starting with the simplest everyday affairs and ending with the general line of life behavior. " Drawing attention to the undeveloped issue of the relationship between a person's choice and the path of his life, L.N. Kogan expressed a number of original ideas that allow us to outline approaches to the consideration of the topic of interest to us. Based on the provisions put forward by him, as well as connecting the potential of patristic thought, we will reveal the substantive side of this issue.

First, let's pay attention to the word "choice". In our opinion, its semantic analysis helps to outline the main directions of research into the problem of choosing a person's life path. They are associated with the implementation of the following points: firstly, it is necessary to have that from which the choice is made; secondly, it is important to have someone who chooses; thirdly, the act of choice itself should be carried out, and fourthly, to obtain the expected result. Let us consider these aspects one by one.

So the first aspect has to do with choices. In our case, this is a variety of ways of human life. It really exists in any historical era. A lot of people of different sex, age, social status, living at the same time and in the same territory, are possible options for the path of human life. Therefore, there is no shortage of life path scenarios for the individual. There is another problem: how to see these options? Indeed, in ordinary life, much of what lies on the surface either does not draw attention to itself, or is hidden from the eyes of the observer. What does a person usually see when going outside? A kind of "Brownian movement" of individuals appears to him. This is especially noticeable in crowded places: in squares, train stations, markets, etc. A thoughtful person, observing what is happening, can see a grandiose picture of human life, in which familiar and complete strangers, touching each other, either continue to move further together, or part for a while or forever. A multitude of overlapping destinies, a variety of different ways of life, the versatility of human existence - this is what takes place in reality. And it is not enough just to see what is happening; one should also connect speculation in order to understand everything that is happening. Philosophy is just such a speculation, helping a person, behind individual manifestations of an individual life path, to see the repetition inherent in many life scenarios, allowing the particular to be summed up under the general, personifying certain constants of human existence.

The second aspect focuses on the subject of activity, the person as an active creative beginning. From the methodological point of view, the position is important here, according to which a person is a triune formation as a bio-socio-spiritual being. And each of the person's hypostases has its own impact on his choice. Take, for example, such an important parameter that characterizes a person as age. In doing so, we will rely on the results of a sociological study conducted by us at the Nizhny Novgorod Commercial Institute in May 1999.

Age dependence of reflections on life path

15-18 19-30 31-50 51-70

Seriously 48.8 51.0 59.1 62.3

From time to time 50.4 48.3 40.5 37.4

Never 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3

The above table clearly shows that there is a relationship between age and the thoroughness of thinking about the way of a person's life: the older the respondents, the more seriously they thought about their life.

Dependence of ideas about life path on age

15-18 19-30 31-50 51-70

Continuous - discontinuous 5.86 5.72 5.36 5.10

Ascent - descent 6.89 6.86 6.01 5.56

Gains - losses 6.45 6.31 5.68 5.27

It should be noted that, depending on the age, assessments of the originality of the life path become more balanced. If at the age of 18 there is a certain tendency to idealize the way of a person's life - it is believed, rather, as a continuous, ascending, path of gains, then by the age of 70 it is perceived more realistically - as having discontinuity, descent, loss.

Dependence of the criteria for a successful life on age

15-18 19-30 31-50 51-70

Good health 47.5 51.4 69.1 73.8

Strong family 64.7 65.6 77.5 78.0

Material well-being 60.2 65.0 75.2 55.8

From the above table, it can be seen that as a person grows up, there is an understanding of the importance of such life values as the presence of health and a family. Moreover, it should be specially noted a fairly high "starting" percentage of such a value as a family. This, by the way, is one of the indicators of modern culture, which, despite its transformation at the turn of the millennium, has retained the traditional mechanisms of self-regulation. As for material well-being, the picture is somewhat different. Until the age of 50, the curve of interest grows. After this age, there is a rather serious decrease in interest in the indicated value of human existence. It seems that this is largely a law

measuredly. Entering old age, a person re-evaluates many values, including such as material well-being. Material values are gradually giving way to spiritual ones. A person begins to prepare for the completion of the physical stage of his being. Moral norms at this stage acquire an intrinsic value. This is well shown by various sociological studies. So, according to the data of the Nizhny Novgorod sociologist G.L. Voronin, "The Gospel Commandment" Who will hit you on the right cheek, turn the other to him "is closer and more understandable to believers, people over 50 years old."

It seems that the above examples clearly show the importance of age in understanding life, and therefore, emphasize its importance in the situation of choosing a life path. It should be borne in mind that a number of characteristics - bodily (gender, health, etc.), social (status, profession, etc.) and spiritual (values, ideals, etc.) character - have the same influence on the choice of the path life. Through their prism, a person looks at the world, determining his specific step.

The third aspect is the act of choice. This is a rather complicated process involving a whole group of factors of both subjective and objective nature. Although outwardly, it can look quite easy. For example, when deciding whether or not to go to a disco, a student in the blink of an eye can give a positive answer. However, this does not mean that everything is so simple here. Let us consider in more detail the main components of the act of choice itself.

We note right away that this issue has received its coverage in the philosophical literature. From a methodological point of view, the position formulated by A.T. Moskalenko and V.F. Sergeantov, that "in acts of choice, which are a unity of external and internal choice, we also" choose "one or another need in ourselves". It follows from what has been said that, firstly, the act of choice is always not just a momentary desire that arose from nowhere and why. The act of choice is the unity of the internal, connected with the state of a person, his attitude and worldview, and the external, i.e. the environment, the environment that have an impact on the choice. In other words, there is a person who lives in a certain environment. And not only he himself, but also the environment of which he is a part, influence his expression of will when making a decision. In this regard, it seems appropriate to emphasize the importance of the conclusion made by L. N. Kogan that "the choice of life path is limited by real circumstances." Secondly, the act of choice is associated with the choice "in itself" of a certain need, which is the basis for the implementation of the act of choice itself. Here we would like to highlight the word "need". It is key to understanding how the act of choice itself occurs. It is carried out through and due to the presence of a certain need in a person. Choosing, a person activates a certain need in himself, which “launches” the act of choosing the means necessary to satisfy it. Let's show this with our example with a student.

Under the influence of external conditions (the presence of discos, the stereotype formed among young people that a disco is the best form of pastime, friends calling to the disco, free time, etc.) and under the influence of internal factors (young age, a fair amount of energy, the desire to spend time, meet new people, etc.), as well as as a result of activating one of the needs (keeping up with others, not annoying others, having fun, etc.), the student decides to go to a disco. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that not only a decision is made as an independent

a new action that has nothing to do with the path of a person's life, as an episode taken by itself. No, having made a choice in favor of disco, the student already "includes" it in the outline of his life path. It can be said differently: from this moment on, the further path of a person's life will run through the disco. How things will turn out there (positively or negatively), the future of a person, his way of life will depend on it. Moreover, under certain circumstances, the memory of this disco can last a lifetime (say, as the memory of a meeting with his future wife, as the loss of a friend during a fight, etc.) and exert its influence on the formation of a person's life path.

The very act of choice can be both conscious and unconscious. Conscious choice is associated with an understanding of the essence of the matter, the availability of necessary and sufficient information. In this case, knowledge acts both as a basis for making a decision and as a means for its implementation. Concerning this side of the issue, L.N. Kogan rightly noted that “the choice requires, firstly, a good knowledge of the real situation, each of the possible (sometimes numerous, as, for example, when choosing a profession) alternatives ... Secondly, knowledge of one's own needs, abilities, orientations is necessary, and also the confidence that the chosen path in this situation will be the best. " An unconscious choice is made, as a rule, "under the influence of affects, mood, emotions." It can be provoked by a situation of time trouble in which the person finds himself, or the lack of information about what awaits him if he gives his consent to the offer made to him. In youth, an unconscious choice can also be associated with idealizing the situation, ignoring other aspects of the problem, inability to analyze the situation, etc. In a word, an unconscious choice is a consequence of the immaturity of a person's relationship to himself and the world in which he lives, the difficult situation in which he finds himself.

Finally, the fourth aspect is getting the expected result. At first glance, everything is clear here and there is nothing to talk about, because the result is a consequence of human activity. What a person's deed is, so is his lot. At the same time, there are two points that require clarification: first, does the expected (possible) always become valid, and second, is the best choice for a person always constructive. Let us consider these aspects of the problem in sequence.

It is quite obvious that far from everything that is possible becomes real. Let's say, potentially everyone from the boxing section can become a master of sports. But not everyone will become one. And even if this choice is conscious, and a person makes great efforts to achieve his goal, the result may be different. Why? All the same set of objective and subjective factors. It may happen that in one of the fights, or in one of the trips, an injury will be received, which will put an end to the boxer's sports career. Or, having won the first victories, the boxer will not cope with the "star fever", which will knock him out of the rut. And such "maybe" is innumerable. As a result, desiring one thing, a person gets something completely different, not related to the expected.

Not always the best, from the point of view of a person, the choice becomes constructively meaningful for him. Let's take the same disco example. Suppose, going to a disco, a young man believes that this is the best option for him to end the day. However, the consequences of this choice can be the most unforeseen. For example, being in a state of alcoholic intoxication, he can behave rudely towards his friends. The result is a break in friendships, or worse. From here

Hence it follows that the best, from the point of view of a person, can not always be positively significant, constructive for his life path. However, as well as the worst. It is not necessarily associated only with destructive moments. For example, a young man did not find money for a disco. However, the fact that he stayed at home gave him the opportunity, for example, to call an ambulance on time, which, in turn, allowed one of the relatives to avoid a hypertensive crisis. Thus, paraphrasing a well-known thought, we can say that we are not given to predict what consequences the realization of our desires will lead to. Therefore, making (preferably, a conscious) choice in favor of certain actions, a person should hope and believe that they will lead to good results. Here, at the most opportune moment, the experience gained by patristic thinkers, who called for trusting in faith and hope in solving all human problems, can come in handy.

Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that the proposed four aspects of the problem of choosing a person's life path quite fully reveal its content side. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the choice is not only a conscious human activity, that is, a certain formulated inference. He is also an action aimed at the implementation of the plan. In other words, the choice is not only thoughts, but also actions that always have an impact on the further existence of a person, his being. Therefore, choice as a fact of reality is always ontological, it is generated by reality, connected with it and is able to change it.

Moreover, choice is a form of human self-realization. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that in a choice a person can not only express himself, but also for the first time show something new that contributes to the transformation of his life. We can say that a choice is a chance for a person that he can use.

At the same time, it is worth noting that if it were simply about the choice of a person in a specific situation, then it would be quite possible to limit ourselves to what has been said. However, the problem of choice is considered by us in relation to the question of the path of human life, and, therefore, at least one more aspect should fall into our field of vision: how to keep the chosen path? In our opinion, making a choice, say, in favor of the virtuous path is a serious step. But this is only half the battle. It is still necessary to implement this idea. And for this, throughout his life, a person must confirm adherence to the chosen path. He will have to not only preserve the choice as a result, but also find the necessary forces and means to help preserve the chosen path. And here the experience accumulated by patristic thought can do a good job. Based on the patristic heritage, we will highlight a number of important points.

First of all, it should be noted that, in posing the question in this way, we will proceed from the fact that the person has thought out his decision well and is full of desire and strength in order to realize it. Moreover, we will consider this choice as a choice of an exclusively positive direction on the path of life. It was this point of view that was given by the patristic tradition. Keeping adherence to this tradition, we will reveal the essence of the issue of interest to us.

First of all, let us pay attention to the moment that a person who has chosen a better life in comparison with a worse one has already, as it were, opened the door to a new life; just opened it, but has not yet entered it. A better life exists for him so far only in the form of an opportunity, but not yet reality. However, the very fact of choosing a better life certainly gives a chance for this opportunity to turn into reality.

Further. Since the choice is made by the person himself, then it is he who becomes the creator, and the basis, and the condition, and the means in achieving the goal. At the same time, a person is, as it were, “on the edge” of his path of life; he, figuratively speaking, walks “on the virgin lands” of life, paving his way. In this regard, not only are appropriate, but also especially informative words such as "initial impulse", "root cause", "primary element", "discoverer", which help to feel the depth of the problem and describe some of its important aspects.

Indeed, a person, having a desire to change his life for the better, is at the same time the root cause of his transformation. Ultimately, it is he who feels in himself that initial impulse that launches the idea of a new, better way of life to be realized. In this capacity, he can be relied on as a kind of primary element that catalyzes the situation of changing the path of life, as the discoverer of his new stage on the path of life. In this sense, a person's life can be characterized as the first path along which a person walks. Where a person resides, there is always, metaphorically speaking, the "cursor" of his life path.

This moment further emphasizes the dependence of the path of life on the person himself, his thoughts, feelings, behavior. We can say: there is a person who realizes himself through feelings, thoughts, words and deeds, and there is already a path of his life, which is the result of this realization. Therefore, it is always important to remember that through his feelings, thoughts, words and deeds a person finds his own way of life. So, for example, if a person's feelings are tuned "to the wave" of empathy, then he enters the path of virtue; if a person's thoughts are full of benevolent, then he is directed towards the well-behaved; if a person's words are filled with mercy, then he follows the path of the righteous; finally, if a person's deeds are aimed at achieving the beneficent, then he also acquires the path of virtue. As a result, it is correct to say that feelings, thoughts, words and deeds are a kind of "channels" through which the direction of a person's life path is ensured. If a person has chosen a positive direction on the path of life, then he must “tune in” his feelings, thoughts, words and deeds to the wave of virtue. Without showing good feelings, bright thoughts, righteous words, good deeds, a person cannot find a virtuous path, even choosing it. Feelings, thoughts, words and deeds are a kind of form that should be filled with good content. And this largely depends on the person himself.

It seems that what has been said is enough to show the complexity of the issue of preserving the path of life chosen by a person. There are factors that complicate, and sometimes hinder, the implementation of the outlined plans. Therefore, it is so important to have faith in your own strength and will, aimed at fulfilling your plans. It is a great happiness if we have a person (“another”) nearby who will not only accept what was conceived with all his soul, but also with his will, faith, knowledge, skills, experience will help to embark on the path of virtue and follow it. In this case, the role of a mentor turns into the role of a companion walking together.

In order for a person to keep the choice he has made, he needs an understanding of the originality of the course of his life. And it is such that it is impossible to predict the course of events in advance. After all, a person lives in the natural, social and spiritual environment given to him. This environment is largely unknown to man, especially at the initial stages of his life. Human life experience is also always historically limited. Therefore, he has to take some steps in specific situations at his own peril and risk. This is close to what Teilhard de Chardin called the "groping technique." In an effort to preserve the chosen path of life, a person makes a trial step, looking closely at whether it has worked out. If

the result satisfies him, then he continues his movement in a given direction, if not, then he takes new steps aimed at changing the situation. And so all my life. Even a person who is wise with life experience, who saw a lot, heard even more, turned out to be the main character in many situations, can not always say exactly what and how to do in newly discovered circumstances. As a result, a person always has to, as it were, try on various solutions to the situation that has arisen. Life is variable, and the number of options that ensure the implementation of the choice is also significant. “Life,” wrote Teilhard de Chardin, “does not operate along one isolated line or by separate methods. It moves its entire network forward at the same time. " So is the person. For example, having made a choice of a virtuous path, he must understand that in each specific case he will have to look for the optimal solution. In standard situations, already proven solutions may well be suitable. It is no coincidence that they are called generally accepted. So, for example, when meeting a person, it is customary to say hello, when parting, to say goodbye. And it is unlikely that something needs to be revised here. In non-standard situations, on the contrary, you should look for a fresh solution. And it is important for a person to find an acceptable solution for him.

Generally speaking, when choosing the path of life, a person should keep in mind that (we will use the words of Teilhard de Chardin) he will have to move forward "at the same time his entire network." What is meant? The point is that a person, being a bio-socio-spiritual being, should not first focus on, say, only his bodily gifts, or only social abilities, or spiritual talents. No. He should do all this at the same time, in parallel, go as if "fanningly." Otherwise, he can expect great disappointments in life. For example, if a girl decides to first get an education, take up a career, and only then, say, at the age of thirty, think about her family, then it may turn out that time will be lost and she will remain lonely. Therefore, the wisdom of life, apparently, consists in going through life using the principle of "fan", that is, simultaneously solving the issues of getting an education, and creating a family, and acquiring a profession. Yes. This is hard. But, perhaps, only such an approach will allow a person to have time to realize himself in life.

Let us summarize what has been said. The problem of choosing a person's path in life is one of the most important in philosophy. As a matter of fact, a person is put in a situation where he is forced to make daily, hourly choices. The choice itself implicitly includes a number of aspects: that from which the choice is made, the one who chooses, the act of choice itself and the expected result. These facets of choice are at the same time peculiar directions in the study of the problem of choice. However, in the question of the way of human life, these provisions are not enough to limit the study of the problem of choice. Obviously, after the choice has been made, another problem arises - maintaining adherence to the chosen path. This is also important to consider in order to pave and maintain the righteous path of life.

Literature and notes

1. Plato. Collected cit .: In 4 volumes.Vol. 4. - M., 1994 .-- S. 185, etc.

2. Gregory the Theologian, saint. Collected cit .: In 2 volumes.Vol. 1. - M., 1994 .-- P. 34, etc.

3. Kogan, L.N. Man and his fate / L.N. Kogan. - M., 1988 .-- S. 164-165.

4. Berdyaev, N.A. The kingdom of the spirit and the kingdom of Caesar / N.A. Berdyaev. - M., 1995.

5. Together with the socio-economic laboratory operating at the department of socio-political sciences of the NKI, a sociological study was carried out on the topic "Philosophy of a person's way of life." The object of the study was the population of Nizhny Novgorod. In the course of the study, 1236 people were interviewed. The study was carried out on the basis of a quota age and sex, zoned sample, calculated on the basis of data from the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Committee of State Statistics. The sample was calculated in proportion to the number of residents of a certain gender and age living in each district of the city. The results obtained can also be considered representative, since during the field stage of the study, the interviewers adhered to the sampling plan strictly and practically avoided bias errors that often arise at this stage. Deviations of statistical data on age and sex composition from the distribution of sex and age of Nizhny Novgorod residents in the sample are within the permissible error: ± 3%. The research method was chosen through a survey of the residents of Nizhny Novgorod. Based on the data obtained, a computer database of opinions of various groups of Nizhny Novgorod residents was created. After that, the data cleansing procedure was applied, implying the correction of information input errors. When processing the data, we used a special program for processing sociological information 8Р88 6.1 for Windows.

6. The views of Nizhny Novgorod residents on the originality of their life path were assessed on a nine-point scale from 1 to 9 - from negative to positive.

7. Voronin, G.L. Spirituality: between Jesus Christ and a militant misanthrope / G.L. Voronin // Russia and Russians: Choosing the Way: Proceedings of the Conference of Social Scientists. - N. Novgorod, 2000 .-- P. 34.

8. Moskalenko, A.T., Sergeantov, V.F. The meaning of life and personality / A.T. Moskalenko, V.F. Sergeants. - Novosibirsk, 1989 .-- S. 125.

9. Kogan, L.N. Man and his fate / L.N. Kogan. - M., 1988 .-- p. 165.

10. Teilhard de Chardin P. Phenomenon of man / Teilhard de Chardin P. - M., 1987.

Here are collected problems from the texts for preparing for the exam, which are most often encountered by applicants. Literary arguments are selected for each of them, available for download in the form of a table, link at the end of the article.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" act of Andriy. Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol touched upon many topics that still seem relevant to us in his work "Taras Bulba". Before the son of Taras, Andriy, there was a choice between love for a girl and love for his homeland, family. And in his case, the first option had more weight. The young man thought that thanks to his love for the Polish lady, he would be able to justify himself to his father. But his confidence was unnecessary, since Taras could never forgive betrayal, and least of all he expected that his son was capable of such an act. After all, Taras also had a choice: he could save his son's life, but drop his own authority, which in a war was like death. Therefore, he kills Andriy, cursing himself for having reproduced him into the world.
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" - Andrei Bolkonsky... In the novel "War and Peace" you can find answers to any questions. As the Bible once taught people of life, so this work can serve as a guide for those who are full of spiritual searches. The personality of Andrei Bolkonsky in the novel is very multifaceted. His whole life is a daily encounter with a choice. But, probably, the main question for him was how to behave in difficult times of war? Bolkonsky came from a noble family, was rich, and could well afford to sit in the rear, when others would give their lives on the battlefield. But this man knew what honor and courage were. He always bravely went to the epicenter of the battles, at first only for glory, but later realized that he was really ready to give his life for the Motherland. Bolkonsky fought in the war, not trying to hide behind someone else's back. He was a man who deserved the title of hero and performed heroic deeds until his death.
Vasil Bykov "Obelisk" - Ales Ivanovich Moroz. In his heroic story "Obelisk" Vasil Bykov tells us the story of a simple school teacher who became a hero during the Great Patriotic War. Ales Ivanovich Moroz belonged to this type of teachers who literally lived their own business. In his heart there was always a burning desire to teach children not only to memorize stupid formulations and rules, but also to be able to think. Naturally, such a person saw in his students much more than just schoolchildren. And in a critical situation, when he was faced with a choice about whether to defend his charges, he did not hesitate for a second. He knew that their lives were in his hands, and it was his duty to save them.

Choice in love

L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina". Probably every person has ever faced the problem of love choice. Anna Karenina is the most famous love story, where the main character also has to choose. And the decision influenced the whole future fate of Anna. She got caught at the intersection of two lights. On the one hand, there was a family - a beloved son, but an unloved husband, and on the other - incredibly deep, passionate feelings for Count Vronsky. The heroine preferred ardent love instead of a quiet and peaceful existence with her family. She loses power, respect in society, closes her eyes to everything, because she realizes that she cannot live life with a cold and calculating person. But Tolstoy shows that even the choice of sincere love can be fatal. Anna falls under the oppression of high society, loses everything that was dear to her, and decides to leave this life so that the pain finally stops tormenting her every day.
Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" - Natasha Rostova. Natalya Rostova is one of those heroines of Russian literature who have faced the problem of choice throughout their lives. But, probably, the most important choice still concerned love. She, in her childish naivety, decided on a relationship with Anatoly Kuragin, not even suspecting that he could deceive her. Bolkonsky's cold love was not enough to melt her heart, and she makes a big mistake when preparing to escape with Kuragin. Perhaps, if not for this betrayal, their love with Prince Bolkonsky would have continued for a very long time. But Tolstoy thereby wanted to show how erroneous fleeting decisions are, and how much we, at times, can regret them.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" Tatiana. Of course, the "encyclopedia of Russian life" should touch upon the theme of love. The main character Tatiana is faced with a love choice that was associated with her future and past. Ardently falling in love with Eugene Onegin, while still very young, she could not think that this handsome and intelligent man could deny her this feeling. But that's exactly what happens, and it breaks the girl's heart. Many years pass, and Tatiana flourishes, becomes more mature and intelligent. The marriage with the general brought a lot of new things into her life, the changes were beneficial. When Eugene meets her and now offers his love himself, she refuses. Tatyana understands that it would be foolish to exchange her current calm life for, perhaps, a second happiness with Onegin. In this choice, she is guided only by a cold mind, because her feelings had died out by that time and were not allowed to act rashly.

Moral choice

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Raskolnikov."Am I a trembling creature or have I the right?" - this is the main life question of the poor student Rodion Raskolnikov. This, entangled in himself, the young man stepped on a very dangerous path, which leads him to even more terrible consequences than ordinary poverty. He chooses murder, thinking that this step will exalt him, make him a winner, a man to whom everything falls into the hands of heaven. But Rodion did not know how wrong he was. He could not soberly assess himself, and instead of soaring, he fell like a stone into the abyss of despair, remorse and constant fear for himself and his loved ones. Dostoevsky was a very good psychologist and wanted to show what can happen to a person who has reached an extreme degree of madness, and how he will try to survive in these conditions.
NS. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district". Lady Macbeth's name has been shrouded in an ominous veil of secrecy since the days of William Shakespeare. Leskov makes the main character of his work even more legendary, because he singles out the whole work for her. Katerina Lvovna faced a moral choice in her life. It was a kind of test for the level of evil that a person can commit. In her case, it turned out to be the maximum. The heroine is so overwhelmed with love that she does not hesitate to bathe in blood for a few seconds of bliss with Sergei. Many will think that the situation in which Katerina found herself left her no choice, but still the choice was very ominous. Lust and greed added their weight and persuaded the woman to take the lives of many people. But, to a greater extent, it was a cold calculation, albeit based on emotional instability.

Choosing a life path

A.P. Chekhov "Man in a Case". The protagonist of the story "Man in a Case" is a clear example of what kind of life a person can choose for himself. Someone opens up to everything new and interesting, every day communicates with people and enjoys all the moments of life, while someone closes deep within themselves, and does not allow circumstances to change the existing order of things. And at the same time, a person deliberately limits himself from everything that can bring joy, literally buries himself alive. Belikov independently takes a brush and paints his life in black and white, fixes the framework of conventions around him, because he believes that everything should happen according to a previously known scenario. Any life upheavals and shifts can severely cripple the psyche of people like Belikov, but Chekhov shows an even more sad outcome in the history of this man.
M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". This is the first psychological novel that tells the story of a man with deep personal tragedy in his soul. Pechorin is an ambiguous character who, although he does not give up all the pleasures of life, still chooses cold isolation and solitude for himself. Here you can consider a problem of a deeper scale: the hero chooses loneliness for himself, since collisions with the outside world bring him only misfortune. In all his life he had no real friends, and in love this man also remained deeply unhappy. His choice fell on a feeling of hatred and contempt for everything that surrounds him, including people. He accepted it based on the circumstances of life that made him what he eventually appears before the readers.
I.S. Turgenev "Rudin". Turgenev in his novel "Rudin" wanted to show readers the image of a person who is usually called "superfluous". After all, this is how it feels the main character throughout all the events of the novel and until the very end, when despair brings him to the barricades. Dmitry Rudin is used to arrogantly and impudently treating people who are in his company. Thus, he seems to be erecting a barrier within himself that does not allow sensitivity to come out into the light. He attaches too much importance to his person, which is why many unwittingly penetrated to him and fell in love. But, the problem is that behind all this hypocrisy and deceitful tirades there was an ordinary lack of self-confidence. He also chose the path of constantly limiting himself from life, because he thought that this would make him happy. Rudin plays with his own life, putting on various masks every day, and as a result cannot make important decisions that can completely change his fate. The only truly courageous act of his life is participation in the French Revolution and the desire to die a hero.

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