Socio-economic structure of society. Social structure of the economy Impact of the economy Social structure of society

The existence of society is impossible without the constant production of material goods; Social production determines the emergence and development of the social structure; Economic relations actively influence the political life of society; In the production process, the necessary material conditions are created for the development of the spiritual life of society.

Economic institutions are the norms and rules by which its participants interact and carry out economic activity. formal rules - codes, laws, bylaws, etc. informal rules - traditions, customs, habits, stereotypes of behavior of economic entities economic categories - market, property, competition, taxes, etc.

Economy and social structure of society - the relationship of the economy with such indicators as: the total population and the rate of its growth; the state of health of the society; the formation of professional social communities; inequality in income and wealth.

Research and analysis of the influence of the economic life of society on the formation of professional social communities, the rich occupy the best positions and have the most prestigious professions. these professions are better paid and are associated with mental labor and management functions. the wealthy strata that make up the middle class in society include lawyers, qualified employees, the middle and petty bourgeoisie, the working class, according to modern views, constitutes an independent group that occupies an intermediate position between the middle and lower classes of society. the lower strata include unskilled workers, the unemployed, and the poor.

1. Social stratification of society, which is directly related to economic development, exacerbates the contradictions of interests of various social groups. 2. The market economy must be corrected through the implementation of certain social policies in order to prevent a social explosion. 3. The social policy of the Russian state at the present stage presupposes: support of low-income citizens; regulation of labor relations; assistance in the employment of the unemployed population; freedom of choice of profession; ensuring the availability of education and assistance in retraining personnel; ensuring freedom of entrepreneurship. 4. Coordination of the interests of various participants in the economic life of society is urgent, therefore, the economic and social spheres should mutually support each other.

"Class 6 Society" - Association of people by interests and activities. The word "community" is more appropriate here. A specific stage in the development of the people. All people living in a country or on a planet (humanity). Society. Labor collective. B) Association of people by origin (noble society, high society, etc.).

“The social structure of Russian society” - Completely different social and socio-psychological types of personality are being formed. The same applies to social communities. Moderately provided. State municipal. The social structure of Russian society. Highly secured. Rich. Poor. Types of property. Poorly secured.

"The structure of society" - Pupil. This type of stratification is typical for developed Western countries. Social groups. The social structure of Russian society. The positions of social groups are different. Social sphere of society. 5. Find "Strangers" in the chain: A person performs different social roles in accordance with his social status.

"Interaction in society" - Society as a system. Society and public relations. Think about how a person can relate to nature? The interaction of man and society. The system of social sciences. What is society? Society and nature. Subsystems. Society.

"Social structure of society" - Profession. Social interests. Marxist theory Basically - the division of society into classes. Social stratification. Social equality. Social group. Downward vertical mobility: ruin, demotion. The existence of inequality does not remove the question of social equality. Social role.

"Social sphere of society" - Philosophy science religion law art morality ideology. Forms of public consciousness: Media. Public opinion. Yakovets Yu.V. History of Civilizations: Textbook. The unity and difference between nature and society. Differences between civilization and culture. Society as an object of knowledge. The main spheres of society.

Until recently, social structure was studied without any connection to economics. Not about any of its role as a regulator of the economy in the existing theory
is not said. At the same time, in reality, the social structure plays this role, influencing the implementation of self-supporting relations, not to mention its influence on the processes occurring in the economic management apparatus, on scientific and technical progress, on product quality.
This cannot be otherwise, given that the dynamics of society as a whole depends on the type of social structure. It is known that the type of social structure in pre-revolutionary Russia determined the nature of the social revolution. The type of social structure of the USSR in the 30-50s determined the deformations of socialism, which we write and speak about today: the cult of the individual, the monopoly of power, alienation from social labor, etc. possible results.
This does not mean that the social structure is the only social regulator of the evolution of society. Institutional regulators - politics, culture, ideology, science, education - have enormous dynamic power. But all of them (as well as territorial regulators and factors of well-being) act through the activity of social groups, which is determined by their place in the social structure of society. This gives reason to believe that the social structure is the main regulator of social dynamics in general, including the development of the economy. This is natural, because the social structure is the people themselves, organized into various groups and playing in the system of economic relations all those social roles that the economy requires: the roles of party leaders, ministers, factory directors, engineers and technicians, workers of various specialties. It is they who work out and implement a specific social policy: they organize the implementation of the country's development plans; make decisions on personnel issues, etc., etc.
If this is so, then the social and economic position of groups, their interests, the nature of their activity and relationships with the “top” and “bottom” - all this has a strong influence on the development of the economy, “imprinted” on its final results.
The decisive role of the social structure as a regulator of economic development is still poorly understood as an economic
both in the field of science and sociology. A curious situation has developed. Speaking about improving the economic mechanism, we are talking about the need to expand the economic independence of leaders. But leaders are one of the social groups that make up the social structure of Soviet society, and their independence is a feature of their social position, which, according to Lenin, is characterized by their attitude to the means of production and their role in the organization of labor. There is a sharp disintegration in the system of scientific ideas: the problems of the economic mechanism are described in one scientific language, the problems of social structure in another, and these two languages ​​are not connected with each other. Studies of the social structure and the economic mechanism, concerning, in essence, the same circle of phenomena (although considered from several different angles), do not overlap. It is clear that in this situation sociology can hardly give practical recommendations for improving the economic mechanism.
Starting to study the role of the social structure in the development of the economy, it is necessary to clarify:
what (what spheres of economic life, what economic processes) this structure affects;
through what (through what channels, mechanisms) this influence is carried out;
what is this influence: what kind of changes in the economy are generated by the impact on it of the social structure of society.
The first question is that of the functions of the social structure in relation to the economy. Next, I will name those that seem to be the main ones.
The first function is distributive and redistributive: the maintenance and development of forms of social division of labor, ensuring a fairly effective and coordinated functioning of different spheres and sectors of the economy. An accurate assessment of the performance of this function requires statistical data on functional places in the national economy and the family economy; on the number of employees and different professional and job groups. This assessment is now complicated by the fact that the demand for labor presented by most industries is exaggerated.
and with the transfer of enterprises to full cost accounting it will decline. In principle, all ties of specialization and integration are realized through the activities of cadres operating within the sectors of the national economy. To maintain the social division of labor and integration ties requires a certain professional, sectoral and qualification composition of labor resources, their distribution between different jobs. We need a well-functioning mechanism for the redistribution of personnel, ensuring their mobility, adequate to the demands of production.
All this is carried out by social groups that occupy appropriate places in the social structure, willing or unwilling to act in accordance with the interests of society. Thus, many imbalances in the distribution and use of personnel revealed today (excessive number of managerial personnel, overproduction of many categories of specialists, shortage of highly qualified workers, etc.) cannot be normalized, including due to the rigidity of the prevailing stereotypes of behavior of the corresponding categories of workers, the impossibility change the established attitudes in a short time.
Thus participating in the redistribution of personnel, the social structure simultaneously participates in the reproduction of the labor resources of the Soviet economy.
The second function is stimulating: the formation, maintenance and strengthening of incentives to work; through them - ensuring the full implementation of the labor potential of personnel of all ranks and profiles; on this basis - an increase in the aggregate labor contribution of all social groups to the development of the economy.
The third function is integration: ensuring the unity of interests of groups that occupy different places in the system of economic relations.
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The fourth function is innovative: ensuring the required pace and quality of scientific and technological progress, updating the forms of organization of production and labor, incentive systems, etc. in the production of scientific achievements, are there among them and how many fanatical inventors and rationalizers, etc. The attitude of workers to innovations is
indicator of the degree of innovativeness of the social structure. It can be more or less innovatively oriented, promote or slow down scientific and technological progress and the progress of economic relations. Thus, through the innovative function, the social structure determines the nature of economic development, its danimism, or, conversely, stagnation.
These are the main functions of the social structure in the development of the economy.
As for the channels of its influence, there are many such channels. This is the mechanism for the selection and placement of personnel; social and labor mobility of all categories of workers; the prevailing systems of preferences - places of residence, professions, types of employment, etc. Speaking more generally, the main channel of influence of the social structure on the economy is the behavior of social groups in the system of economic relations.
So, I tried to answer two questions: what spheres of the economy is influenced by the social structure and through what it affects. It is logical to answer the third of the above questions, having considered first at least briefly the social structure itself.

The economy plays a key role in the life of society. The economic system of the state is a kind of source that feeds all spheres of society.

Economy as a subsystem of society

As we know, social life consists of such components as politics, economics, culture. The economy is one of the most important subsystems of society, since without its normal functioning, the existence of both other subsystems and society as a whole is impossible.

So, at the expense of the funds that come from economic relations, cultural structures, in particular of a religious nature, stand. The increase in the spirituality of society is also facilitated by the availability of funds for the opportunity to carry out their cultural development. The economic sphere is also closely related to politics, since it directly coordinates the alignment of political forces.

Economy and social structure

The level of national production, as well as the level of inflation, affects the formation and change of the social structure of society. In economically developed countries, the number of people who belong to the middle class is dominant. While the indicators of poor and rich people should be the same, and not exceed 5%.

With the fall of national production indicators, the size of the middle class is shrinking: as a rule, people who belonged to the middle class take a place in the group of poor people.

Economic development affects the birth rate in the state, as well as the number of the working population (the retirement age in developed countries is much higher than in developing countries).

The interaction of economics and politics

There is an inextricable link between economics and politics. These two institutions often complement each other. Those with political power directly influence the vector of economic development.

A prime example is the annual approval of the state budget. With a good level of economic development in the state, political forces have a high chance of consolidating their positions of power.

At the same time, economic relations also affect politics. So the world economic development trends often require from the state authorities a certain scheme for the development of the national economy, in particular, national production.

If the political power of the state is unable to keep up with the general trend, the state leaves international market relations. This inevitably entails a decline in the standard of living of citizens, and as a result - a change in political power.

The social structure of a society is the totality of its social components and what unites and keeps them from decay, organizes and provides the structure with a certain configuration. There are various approaches to defining the components of the social structure. Thus, some Russian sociologists interpret the social structure of society as a set of statuses and roles functionally related to each other, while others define the essence of the social structure of society as a set of interconnected and interacting social communities, strata, groups, ordered relative to each other, as well as relations between them. Social inequality is an integral part of modern society. Philosophers - enlighteners hoped to eliminate it in the future. However, as social practice has shown, this cannot be done. Scientists faced a new problem - to study the causes and mechanisms of the reproduction of social inequalities in order to minimize their manifestations. Under such conditions, the focus is on the specificity of the social structure Vertakova, Yu.V. Research of socio-economic and political processes: textbook. manual for universities / Yu. V. Vertakova, O. V. Sogacheva. - M .: KNORUS, 2009 .-- 336 p ..

It is becoming more and more difficult to single out certain strata in society. According to one method, the individual is a representative of the middle class, and according to the other, he is of the upper class. For example, researchers may consider a person to be low-income, but he does not consider himself as such. When using a multicriteria approach in defining a social subject in a social space, the situation becomes even more complicated.

But this does not mean that society is devoid of any logic. Representatives of a certain level of security have approximately the same assessment of social reality. The poor consider society to be unfair, while the rich, on the contrary, believe that the poor themselves are to blame for not being able to meet their basic needs.

Most often, three parts are distinguished in the structure of modern societies: rich (upper class), wealthy (middle class) and poor (lower class). Each of these parts, in turn, is divided into subclasses (layers, strata). Moreover, each country has its own characteristics.

The basis of the upper class, based on legitimate forms of organization of public life, positive, constructive logic of social development, are entrepreneurs, businessmen, bankers, a certain category of managers, representatives of the creative intelligentsia, etc. Changes in the social structure of Russian society and its political consequences: an attempt at forecasting / S. A. Belanovsky et al. // World of Russia. - 2012. - No. 1. - P.123-139 ..

The basis of the social structure of modern Russian society is the population, which is associated, first of all, with the state form of ownership. Many of these people are in a state of deep social degradation and marginality and do not hope for the best. It should be emphasized that this situation is alarming - it is from these strata, most of which are on the verge of poverty, that the middle class is formed, a significant part of which has a significant professional, qualification and educational potential, experience of productive activity. In modern conditions, it is not able to promote the inclusion of the individual in the system of social production and provide an appropriate level of income, and hence: the socio-economic aspirations of people are not justified there ..

The pragmatic formations of these two strata, categories of the population have led to destructive changes in the social structure, to distortions, sharp social contradictions in many spheres of public life, which deepen the systemic crisis, accelerate inflation, deform the personal consumption of the bulk of the population with low paying capacity, increase the social instability of society ... These pragmatic tendencies, especially deformations, contradictions, can be traced on the example of the division of the consumer market into two types, in which prices differ significantly. So, one - for the first category of the population with practically unlimited ability to pay. It should be emphasized that such a division of the social structure of Russian society further deepens pragmatism, which covers not only the consumer market, but all the main areas of social life. Thus, two systems of social worldview were formed that are in a state of conflict, and this leads to a narrowing of the sphere of communication of these categories of the population, which realize their life potential and social vector in two diametrically opposite social spaces and dimensions. Such a separation of spheres of life, the lack of direct contacts contribute to an increase in social tension Changes in the social structure of Russian society and its political consequences: an attempt at forecasting / S.A. Belanovsky et al. // World of Russia. - 2012. - No. 1. - P.123-139 ..

The lowest stratum in modern Russia are workers of various professions, employed in labor of medium and low qualifications, as well as clerical employees (approximately 80% of the population). It should be noted that the process of social mobility between these levels in Russia is limited. This can become one of the prerequisites for future conflicts in society.

The main trends observed in the change in the social structure of modern Russian society Ibid .:

1) social polarization, i.e. stratification into rich and poor, deepening social and property differentiation;

2) the erosion of the intelligentsia, which manifests itself either in the mass exodus of individuals from the sphere of mental labor, or in their change of place of residence (the so-called "brain drain");

3) the process of blurring the boundaries between specialists with higher education and highly qualified workers.

Dynamic changes in all spheres of Russian society have intensified the process of its marginalization. The reasons for the emergence of marginal groups include: basic changes in the social position of some social and professional groups, a decline in production, a general decline in living standards, and uncertainty of status. Now in Russia the following main marginal groups can be distinguished: “post-specialists” (specialists in economic sectors that have lost their social perspective in modern conditions), “new agents” (representatives of small business, self-employed population), “migrants” (refugees, displaced persons) Simonyan R .NS. Reforms of the 1990s and the modern social structure of Russian society (to the 20th anniversary of economic reforms) // Sotsiol. issled. - 2012. - No. 1. - P.17-26 ..

The reasons for the formation of non-systemic elements of the social structure in society, which are carried out by illegitimate means, are due to a complex combination of objective and subjective factors, among which inconsistency plays an important role in the implementation of market transformations and the reform of social relations.

The informality of the social structure, the absence of stable, stable classes leads to an increase in uncontrolled destructive social conflicts. At the same time, sociologists are actively involved in the development of the social structure, its dynamics in the country, and also take part in the politics and socio-political life of the state, and hence a wide layer of owners of shares, real estate, and land plots is established. With the deepening of reforms, the emergence of the economy from the crisis, the position of this stratum in the distribution of income, ensuring real influence on management processes will pragmatically strengthen, the role of such social groups as financiers, managers, bankers, stockists Simonyan R.Kh. will increase. Reforms of the 1990s and the modern social structure of Russian society (to the 20th anniversary of economic reforms) // Sotsiol. issled. - 2012. - No. 1. - P.17-26 ..

The qualitative changes taking place today in the economy of modern Russian society have entailed serious shifts in its social structure. The currently emerging social hierarchy is characterized by inconsistency, instability and a tendency to significant changes.

The social structure of society today is unjustifiably determined by the modern government, first of all, by economic parameters and socio-economic criteria arising from the volume and quality of the economy. The state should influence the social structure of society, striving to speed up the process of its modernization as much as possible. Without this, not only the accelerated development of the economy, but also its development in general, is not possible. The structure of modern society is determined today by many parameters. One of the characteristics of modern society is the size of the middle class in the country in percentage terms, which, in my opinion, should be about 75% of the total population. In Russia, therefore, today it is necessary to make serious, fundamental adjustments to financial, economic and social policy, which should not only provide the minimum necessary socio-economic conditions for survival, but create optimal conditions for the development of the middle class. It is he who will determine the future of the country Ibid ..